Peru and Colombia Peru and Colombia are both South American countries bordering the Pacific Ocean. They are two of eleven countries bordering water in South America. Peru was the center of several Andean Civilizations; the most common among which being the Incas. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821 after being controlled by Spanish forces for many years. There are currently 29,549,517 residents of Peru.
The city was founded in 1781 by Felipe do Neve, a Spanish governor. The small pueblo, whose original title was “The Town of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula,” consisted of 44 settlers of mixed cultural backgrounds. Control of Los Angeles would shift hands quite often. It remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when it became a part of Mexico following the Mexican secession from Spain. The Mexican hold over the California region was brief, as it came under the control of the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican-American War.
Both countries, after centuries of immigration and emigration, have populations where only about 50% (52.6% in Puerto Rico and 55% in Bolivia) of people are of Amerindian heritage. Both have histories of Spanish colonization. In 1493, Christopher Columbus landed on the shores of Puerto Rico and claimed it as a Spanish colony, 30 years later, Francisco Pizarro, did the same to the Incan Empire which dominated Eastern South America; at the time, Bolivia was part of Peru. Today, both nations have a rich variety of culture and tradition. Puerto Rico and Bolivia are cultures rich in fine art of all forms.
The events include the beginning of European colonialism, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable nation-states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. This era in Western Europe is referred to as the early modern European period. Political Shortly after Columbus arrival from the "West Indies", a division of influence became necessary to avoid conflict between Spanish and Portuguese. [54] On 4 May 1493, two months after Columbus arrival, the Catholic Monarchs got a bull (Inter caetera) from Pope Alexander VI stating that all lands west and south of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of the Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Spain and, later, all mainlands and islands then belonging to India. It did not mention Portugal, which could not claim newly discovered lands east of the line.
Colonial expansion under the crown of Castile was initiated by the Spanish conquistadores and developed by the Monarchy of Spain through its administrators and missionaries. The motivations for colonial expansion were trade and the spread of the Catholic faith through indigenous conversions. Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus and continuing for over four centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across most of present day Central America, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, and much of the rest of North America including the Southwestern, Southern coastal, and California's Pacific Coast regions of the United States. In the early 19th century the revolutionary movements resulted in the independence of most Spanish colonies in America, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, given up in 1898 following the Spanish-American War, together with Guam and the Philippines in the Pacific. Spain's loss of these last territories politically ended Spanish colonization in America.
Why Haiti is so poor? Historical reason One of the historical reasons for Haiti being poor began on the 5th of December, 1492 when Christopher Columbus came upon a very big island in the Western part of the Atlantic Ocean, that later was known to be the Caribbean. The people who lived there were known as the Taíno and Arawakan people. Some of them called their large island Ayiti, others Bohio and the rest Kiskeya. Columbus and his men claimed the island and called it the La Isla Española, which is the Spanish island in English.
Montevideo was founded by the Spanish in the early 18th century as a military stronghold; its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial center competing with Buenos Aires. Uruguay's early 19th century history was shaped by ongoing fights between the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and colonial forces for dominance in the La Plata basin. In 1806 and 1807, the British (enemies of Spain in the Napoleonic Wars) launched the British invasions of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires was invaded in 1806, and then liberated by forces from Montevideo led by Santiago de Liniers. A new and stronger attack in 1807 aimed to Montevideo first, which was occupied by a 10,000-strong British force.
THE MAYA INDIANS SETTLEMENT PATTERN According to William Claypole and John Robottom, in their book ‘Caribbean Story’, at the height of their civilization, the Maya Indians occupied 324,000 square kilometers of land which included the Mexican regions of the Yucatan Peninsula, Campeche and Tobasco, as well as the territory of Belize, Guatemala and the western edge of Honduras. Robert Greenwood and Shirley Hamber in their book ‘Amerindians to Africans’ placed the first civilization of the Maya Indians at around 2000 Bc. The authors of this book also mentioned the decline of the Maya civilization after AD 900. They claim that it emerged 300 years later as a modified form of Mayan civilization. Greenwood and Hamber suggested three reasons for the decline in the Maya civilization.
The Republic of Ghana is named after the medieval West African Ghana Empire,[1] The Empire became known in Europe and Arabia as the Ghana Empire by the title of its emperor, the Ghana. The Empire appears to have broken up following the 1076 conquest by the Almoravid General Abu-Bakr Ibn-Umar. A reduced kingdom continued to exist after Almoravid rule ended, and the Kingdom was later incorporated into subsequent Sahelian empires, such as the Mali Empire several centuries later. Geographically, the ancient Ghana Empire was approximately 500 miles (800 km) north and west of the modern state of Ghana, and controlled territories in the area of the Sénégal river and east towards the Niger rivers, in modern Senegal, Mauritania and Mali. Historically, modern Ghanaian territory was the core of the Empire of Ashanti, which was one of the most advanced states in sub-Sahara Africa in the 18–19th centuries, before colonial rule.
This continued until the post classic period, up until the arrival of the Spanish. The Tainos were said to have descended from an Arawak tribe in Amazonia and the people of the Orinoco Valley in Venezuela. They were Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the Northern Lesser Antilles. It is said that their language stems from those of the Arawak’s which now ranges from South America across the Caribbean. Circa 1,500 years ago, the Arawak people of South America began voyaging northward beside the many scattered islands located between South and North America, an area that is now referred to as the Caribbean.