Effect of Treated Refinery Effluent on Bacteria and Fungi Population

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CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Rapid urbanization combined with industrialization has led to the generation and disposal of enormous amount of waste in our environment. Petroleum based industries including oil refineries are one of the major industrial sectors that generate tremendous amount of pollutants (Bhaben et al., 2009). The increased petroleum exploration, refining and other allied industrial activities have led to the wide scale contamination of most land and water bodies. Optimum utilization and benefits from crude oil are derived by converting crude oil through processing in a refinery into a wide range of products such as petroleum, fuels, lubricants, waxes and bitumen depending on market demand. While petroleum refinery and petrochemical industries are most desirable for national development and improved quality of life, the unwholesome and environmentally unacceptable pollution effects from these industries have been reported world-wide (Ruiz-Oradaz et al., 2001). Where refineries are sited, there is bound to be waste products. This waste in form of effluent has its effects on population and morphology of soil biota. Disposal of wastewaters from an industrial plant is a difficult and costly problem. Petrochemical plants generate solid waste and sludge, some of which may be considered hazardous because of the presence of toxic organics and heavy metals. Accidental discharges as a result of abnormal operation, especially from polyethylene and ethylene oxide-glycol plants in a petrochemical complex, can be a major environmental hazard, releasing large quantities of pollutants and products into the environment (Beg et al., 2001; 2003). Most petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have onsite facilities to ‘treat’ their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the local and/or

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