1009). This indicates the complexity in managing bipolar disorder. Studies also show that psychotherapy is necessary to supplement and optimize the effects of medication (Steinkuller and Rheineck 338). Cognitive behavioral therapy helps patients manage the disorder by replacing negative behaviors with positive ones. Education is important with this form of treatment so clients can recognize how different factors affect the course of the disease and what they can do to manage these factors (Steinkuller and Rheineck 342).
Infants and parents are seen together so that their patterns of interaction can be considered. To a trained eye, play is a powerful form of communication, which may express how children feel and the difficulties they may be experiencing. The relationship between the child and the therapist is central to treatment. Qualifications Entry requirements and training Training in child and adolescent psychotherapy in the UK is offered at training schools accredited by two organisations: The Association of Child Psychotherapists (ACP); and the UK Council for Psychotherapy (UKCP). Entry to accredited training is at graduate (honours degree or equivalent) level and those wishing to train must already have substantial experience of working with infants, children, young people or families.
Of the different theories of Lifespan Development, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Erik Erikson's theory of Psychosocial Development are among the key theories of Lifespan Development (Berger, 2008). Like one another, together they search inside at inner divergences and diverge into the humans ability to manage internal drive and moments of crisis. Within Freud's theory, human behavior begins with the subconscious crisis and drive. He constructed three steps in child development that include "oral, anal, and phallic," and finished that reaction of parents creates a large influence on personality and lifespan development (Berger, 2008). Freud's idea, he illustrated that the body parts (oral, anal, and phallic) to have a erotic nature (Berger, 2008).
(Klein M , 1930 p.238) That is to say, it is a theory that explains why and how childhood experience and relationships affect all relationships in the present. ’From the moment the infant starts interacting with the outer world, he is engaged in testing his phantasies in a reality setting. It wasn’t to suggest that the origin of thought lies in this process of phantasy against reality; that is, that thought is not only contracted with phantasy, but based on it and derived from it.’ (Segal, 1981, p. 45) As
Sensitive parenting is the most important factor in a child’s psychological development – discuss This essay will explore the concept of sensitive parenting and will look at how the dynamic interactions between parent and child inform Attachment Theory a model which measures child development. This model, pioneered by Bowlby is posited within the principles of a psychoanalytic and biological perspective (Bee, H.L., 2000). Child attachment can be classified into two main types, secure and insecure, by using a standard laboratory assessment known as the “Strange Situation” developed by Ainsworth, insecure attachment was divided further into sub groups, ambivalent and avoidant (Ding, S. & Littleton, K. 2005). Whilst discussing attachment theory which utilises the concept of an internal working model other approaches in terms of understanding how parenting affects child development will be explored. Theoretical positions such as social learning theory which lies heavily on behaviourist principles will be looked at, parenting styles where patterns of parenting will be discussed and inter-generational transmission which serves to perpetuate society’s inequalities and disadvantages with negative connotations for a child’s psychological development (Ding, S. & Littleton, K. 2005).
If secured the child will receive ample attention and have basic needs met. However, if unsecured may result in an impaired social and emotional development (Peterson, 2004). In attempts to distinguish between the associated attachment behaviours observed in infant-caregiver interaction, Mary Ainsworth patented the strange situation test; subsequent findings resulted in three categories of infant attachment style; A: insecure avoidant, B: secure and C: insecure resistant (Ainsworth, et al. 1978). This model was later applied to adult romantic relationships and adapted to form theories of adult
All the stages involve the fulfillment of libidinal desires that play significant roles in adulthood. In instances where a child fails to successfully complete the stages or a given stage, they are likely to develop a fascination that later on influences adult personality and behavior. Another theory on childhood development is the Cognitive theory put forward by Jean Piaget, which suggests that children reflect things differently than
Parson understood this when he developed the theory known as Primary Socialisation, which indicated that the fundamental role of the family was to mould the character of the offspring (Van Krieken, Habibis, Smith, Hutchins, Haralambos & Holborn, 2010). Numerous studies have been conducted worldwide reviewing the potential correlation between parenting styles and bullying (Kipp & Shaffer, 2010). The results are conclusive. Aggressive parents raise children with ‘bully’ tendencies; while overly sympathetic parents tend to instill the ‘victim’ mentality in their children (Berdondini & Liefooghe, 2005). Such statistics reveal the familial roots behind bullying.
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1896-1980) studied how children’s thought processes develop and has been very influential in our understanding of children’s cognitive development. He believed that interaction with peers was the most critical factor in children’s cognitive development. ‘He described children as ‘"little scientists," actively constructing their own theories about the world, testing these theories, and adjusting to new information’ (quote taken from Kendra's Psychology Blog at about.com: Psychology). He suggested mental plans - schemas (schemata) function as guides for action, as structure for interpreting information, as frameworks for solving problems. (For full explanation on schemas, conservation, assimilation and accommodation and explanations of terminology see appendix 2).
Running head: Project Summary Paper, A methodological review – David Ellis 1 Project summary paper, a methodological review David Ellis PSY7650 Research Methods Professor Bob H Project Summary Paper, A methodological review – David Ellis 2 Introduction "Children's drawings as a self-report measurement" (Hamama & Ronen, 2009) is an exploratory qualitative study that investigates cildren's drawings as tools for self-report, in assessing outcome of cognitive-behavioral therapy for agressive behavior. The study has a phenomenological component, in that the children report about the way they experience their changes brought about through the course of 12 therapy sessions. (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, pp.141-142) The study also has a grounded theory component, in that it examines themes of self-report that children express through drawing (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, pp.142-144), although it is exploratory and descriptive and does not go into any formal analysis of the data. In this paper, we will examine the approach, the methodology, the validity and the reliability of this study. Validity and Reliability Several aspects of the research support its credibility.