The first step of DNA replication is the unwinding of the two individual strands of DNA that are together in a structure that is known as a “double helix”, a term coined by Watson and Crick, who founded the first original model of DNA. The enzyme that is used to split the two strands is called helicase, and the splitting process starts in a place called the “origin of replication”. After each separate DNA strand has successfully unwound, the bases that are present on the strands are now exposed, and unpaired. The enzymes then match the bases with the free nucleotide triphosphates. The bases used in DNA replication are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C).
Portions of the DNA molecule useful for DNA typing: a. Code for the production of proteins b. Are useful for recombinant DNA c. Are repeated many times d. Are useful for the production of insulin e. Can determine if a person has sickle-cell anemia 6. The concept of simultaneously extracting, amplifying, and detecting a combination of STRs is known as: a. PCR b. THO1 c. Multiplexing d. Electrophoresis e. Polymarker 7. Which statement is not correct for Y-STRs?
Basically, DNA controls protein synthesis. The complex and precise process of protein synthesis begins within a gene, which is a distinct portion of a cell's DNA. DNA is a nucleic acid which is made up of repeating monomers, called nucleotides, and in the case of DNA, these individual monomers consist of a pentose sugar, a phosphoric acid and four bases known as adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA is a double stranded polymer, which has a twisted ladder like
* * PCR is the process of copying DNA. This gave the scientists a good amount to work with. * 3. In the space below, write a paragraph explaining what you would say to the other family to convince them that the science techniques used prove the bones do not belong to their loved one. * Family, Every person has different DNA.
Describe each process (including differences between bacteria and eukaryotes) and explain the significance of the differences between replication and transcription When first going through DNA replication, the two strands of double helix unwind. Each strand is an outline for the formation of a new, complementary strand. DNA helicase enzymes hang along the DNA molecule, opening the double helix as they move. Once the strands are separated, helix-destabilizing proteins bind to single DNA strands, preventing re-formation of the double helix until the strands are copied. Enzymes called topoisomerases produce breaks in the DNA molecules and then reconnect the strands, relieving strain and effectively preventing tangling and knotting during replication.
Transgenesis and Cloning Transgenesis is the process of inserting a gene from one source into a living organism that would not normally contain the inserted gene. The gene can come from the same species (called Cisgenesis) or from a different species entirely. To facilitate the transfer of genes from one organism to another, often a Transgenic Organism with Recombinant DNA is created: -The first step in creating an organism capable of carrying out the transformation process is to isolate the required gene. This is done so using Restriction Enzymes, which target a specific gene sequence. The gene is often cut with staggered ends, called “Sticky Ends” which only allow specific and complementary gene sequences bond by base pairing.
Replication Fork In the DNA double helix Topolisomerase relieves the tension. When Helicase breaks down the hydrogen bonds replication begins. Replication can take place in 2 directions because of the replication bubble. The enzyme Primase synthesizes the RNA primers. There has to be primers to start the synthesis at the 3’ end of the new strands.
This is the restriction enzyme and acts as “molecular scissors” cuts the two DNA chains at a specific area in the genome so that sections of DNA can be supplemented or detached. A piece of RNA known as guide RNA is the second key molecule. This consists of pre-designed RNA quite small in length sequence, consisting of about 20 bases, positioned within a longer RNA scaffold. The scaffold binds to DNA and the pre-designed sequence ‘guides’ Cas9 to the right part of the genome. ensuring that the Cas9 enzyme intersects at the right point in the genome.
Titles: Amplification of lacZ gene by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Aim: To amplify the number of copies of lacZ gene fragment via Polymerase chain reaction from the plasmid pRY121 DNA. Abstract: The lacZ gene was amplified from 1 ng of plasmid pRY121 DNA using synthetic oligonucleotide primers A and B and Taq polymerase in 30 PCR cycles of 96˚, 55˚, and 72˚C in a DNA thermocycler. Agarose gel electrophoresis of BamH-restricted, mini-preped plasmid pRY121 DNA confirmed that lacZ gene fragments were produced. The mass and kb size of the amplified DNA was estimated at 147 ng and 0.6 kb respectively from comparisons to a 1 kb DNA ladder. Procedure: See pages 59-61of Reference [1] for the methodology used.
D) One strand is positively charged and the other is negatively charged. E) One strand contains only purines and the other contains only pyrimidines. 17) It became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following? AA A) sequence of bases B) phosphate-sugar backbones C) complementary pairing of bases D) side groups of nitrogenous bases E) different five-carbon sugars 37) What is the function of DNA polymerase III? CC A) to unwind the DNA helix during replication B) to seal together the broken ends of DNA strands C) to add nucleotides to the end of a growing DNA strand D) to degrade damaged DNA molecules E) to rejoin the two DNA strands (one new and one old) after replication 30) Eukaryotic telomeres replicate differently than the rest of the chromosome.