The peripheral nervous system, also part of the nervous system, transmits information to and from the nervous system. The biological approach also suggests chemical processes in the brain are responsible for many different psychological functioning for example, chemicals such as hormones. Imbalances of certain hormones affect behaviour. The approach states that the female hormone oestrogen gives females caring and gentle characteristics while the male hormone testosterone is linked to aggression. This hormone was investigated by Dabbs et al, where testosterone levels in prisoners where compared to the level of crime committed.
Research by Geen & O’Neal (1969) suggests that noise may be more of a trigger to pre-existing aggression than actually causing it. They exposed participants to either an aggressive or non-aggressive film then gave them the opportunity to administer electric shocks to others. It was found that, when noise levels were elevated, the frequency of shocks increased. However, this was only in the group who’d watched the aggressive film. Donnerstein & Wilson (1976) conducted a similar experiment and found, if participants were given control over the noise, levels of aggression decreased.
To understand why athletes have turned to such extreme measures, one must know more about performance enhancing drugs. Performance-enhancing drugs are substances used by athletes to improve their performances in the sports in which they engage. These drugs are known as anabolic-androgen steroids or just anabolic steroids and are taken by athletes “ to increase their muscle mass and strength”(CNN). However, there is an anabolic steroid that is already produced in the male body which is called testosterone. Testosterone has two main effects on the body, androgenic and anabolic.
The vaginal walls are what produce the lubrication for sexual intercourse, which without the lubrication can be painful. Females also experience the enlargement of breasts during the excitement phase. During the excitement phase, both males and females experience rosy flesh color, nipple erection, as well as an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. The plateau phase is the second part of the sexual response cycle. In females and males the level of arousal stabilizes.
People who think they have taken a drug but really haven’t may display the effects of the drug because they expect to be affected by it. The learned expectations regarding a drugs effect vary from culture to culture. 13.Depressant: reduce the central nervous system activity. Many depressants increase GABA neurotransmitter activity. Effect of alcohol: Alcohol has an impact on the dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, glutamate, and GABA neurotransmitters.
Commercials such as the Hanes commercials show off guys with nearly perfect bodies and make anyone who doesn’t look like him feel like he is not good enough. Since men are constantly wanting to be stronger, some resort to anabolic steroids. Researchers have found that even though the steroids increase muscle mass, bigger does not necessarily mean stronger. Steroids cause many negative side effects, such as decrease in the production of lipoproteins and an increase in risk of heart attacks, strokes, and liver disease (Angier). One effect is increased levels of estrogen in the body, which leads to female-like breast tissue.
This increases the heart rate of the individual, which leads to the release of dopamine, associated with pleasure. Acetylcholine receptors in the brain adapt to what they regard as normal levels of the hormones released, making smoking a necessity to maintain the new ‘normal’ level of pleasure. This is why smoking becomes a ‘necessary’ habit to maintain, as stopping can cause withdrawal symptoms such as irritable behaviour, sadness, anger, stress, fidgeting and depression. Smoking is considered as ‘addictive’
Boys are more likely to engage in physical aggression but boys and girls are equally likely to engage in verbal aggression. (Daena V.and De Souza 2007 Aggressive Behaviors Biologically and Environmentally) Males also see aggression as a way to gain status. Boys will fight each other to prove themselves. They are more apt to hang out with troubled peers than girls are. I believe that boys tend to be more aggressive than females.
It also shows that in the United States that the jealousy rates are higher overall. Buunk explains that men would be more affect from a sexual relationship because it damages their chances of producing offspring. Men have the instinct in providing his genes to the future generation, and if the woman has a sexual relation with another man, the issue of who the father is becomes apparent. A woman does not have to worry about the baby being hers, because she is the reproducer, but the man has to
Hypothesis While is not clear jet the original cause of this phenomenon. The researchers believed that the deep effect of the smile can cause a raise a release of endorphins that promote an increase of the defense system. On the contrary those people that have negative thoughts and are in bad mood most of the time present higher quantities of hormones that cause stress and a considerable decrease in their mechanism of the defense. Procedures The scientist assesses casualties employing long- periods follow up investigation, taking the individuals health in to consideration. The outcome of the study revealed was contradictory because some of the studies estimated the effect of happiness on longevity, whereas other research found no effect and some experienced early death among the happy population.