Say about background of SS & who designed it, where it was. The results of the observation showed that 15% of the infants were ‘insecure avoidant’ (type A)- they ignored their mother and didn’t mind if she left. A stranger could comfort them. 70% were ‘securely attached’ (type B)- content with their mother, upset when she left, happy when she returned and avoided strangers. 15% were ‘insecure resistant’ (type c)- uneasy around their mother and upset if she left.
The Strange Situation procedure was formulated to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and children between the age of nine and 18 months. It was developed by Mary Ainsworth, a developmental psychologist. Originally it was devised to enable children to be classified into the attachment styles known as secure, anxious-avoidant and anxious-ambivalent. As research accumulated and atypical patterns of attachment became more apparent it was further developed by Main and Solomon in 1986 and 1990 to include the new category of disorganized/disoriented attachment. In this procedure the child is observed playing for 20 minutes while caregivers and strangers enter and leave the room, recreating the flow of the familiar and unfamiliar presence in most children's lives.
What causes them to detect the change? In this paper “Detecting impossible changes in infancy: a three system account”, by Su-hua Wang and Renee Baillargeon two questions are being asked. One being that what change violations do infants spontaneously detect and can infants be induced through contextual manipulations to detect change violations they do not spontaneously detect? In this research it suggests that at least 3 different systems – the object-tracking, object – representation, and physical – reasoning is needed to explain infants respond to change violations. In order to answer the first question they took 11 and 12 month old infants and experimented if they saw a change using in variable heights covering events.
The final stage is specific attachment between the ages of 7-11 months where a strong attachment is made to one individual and good attachments to others often follow. They supported this theory of attachment in 1964 in a longitudinal large-scale study. It followed 60 infants in the working class area of Glasgow over a period of 2 years. The study measured attachment in two ways; separation protest in seven everyday situations and stranger anxiety; where the researcher approached the infant and noted when the infant whimpered. The findings showed that half the children showed at first, specific attachment between 25 – 35 weeks.
* Mother leaves the room and reappears after a short absence. * A Stranger enters the room and talks to mother. * The mother then leaves the child with the stranger. Ainsworth discovered 3 distinct attachment types : secure attachment (infants with a happy relationship with caregiver, comfortable with social interactions and greet the caregiver cheerily on their return), insecure-avoidant attachment (infants who avoid all social interaction, showing no
On this test the abusing mothers indicated a high current level of attachment disorder, primarily anxious attachment, but with some tendency toward detachment as well. Thus the abusing mothers in the study demonstrated their overall sensitivity to separation, especially mild separation, and their feelings of helplessness anxiety, and anger in response to significant separation experiences. DeLozier suggest that these findings support the prediction that the abusing mothers in the study have experienced difficulty in their childhood attachments and in the development of internal representations of significant others as accessible and reliable, resulting in consequent adult attachment difficulties as well as in possible difficulties in the development of appropriate care-taking behaviour. There are implications that DeLozier perceives from her research and she summarises them as
They are four of them that were a conclusion from a study conducted by Ainsworth (1970). Types of attachment On the grounds of these four interactions there are four types of attachment styles which include secure, ambivalent, avoidant and disorganized. According to Ainsworth (1970) the secure attachment is seen in a child who is most comfortable when their mother is present. In the absence of the mother they are distressed and antisocial to strangers. Infants that have ambivalent attachment are deeply distressed in the absence of their mothers, fear strangers and resists contact with their mothers after reunion.
The Effects of Divorce on very young children AMU For my article I chose to do my study on the Effects of Parental Separation and Divorce on Very Young Children. This research study was conducted in 2000 by the American Psychological Association Incorporation K. Alison Clarke-Stewart, Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine; Deborah L. Vandell, Center for Education Research, University of Wisconsin—Madison; Kathleen McCartney, Department of Psychology, University of New Hampshire; Margaret T. Owen, School of Human Development, University of Texas at Dallas; Cathryn Booth, Department of Family and Child Nursing, University of Washington. This data was collected and analyzed to see the effects of divorce of marital separation on infants and very young children. There has been tons of research done that shows detrimental effects on school age children and young adolescence. Everyone can see the effects separation and divorce play on older children because they can verbally tell you and it shows in their work performance whether it be in their grades in school or sports or overall negative behavior.
For example, from the moment infants are born, they begin gathering information on face. Studies showed that within just a few exposures, newborns become so familiar with their mother’s face that they prefer it to a stranger’s. In this article, the author describes the opinions of several researchers including Russell Bauer, Paul Quinn and Jim Tanaka. Quinn came to know that in the last five to ten years infants responded to the social attributes of faces. Paul also reported that infants just a few months old prefer silhouettes of human heads to those of animals (59).
Four Different Styles of Parenting Each parent develops a unique parenting style as they groom their children into adulthood. Various methods of parenting styles can affect a child in either a negative or positive way. In the 1960‘s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on 100 preschool children. She observed them by naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods (Cherry, 2011). By conducting this study she suggested that there were 3 different parenting styles.