I would enhance this experiment by specifically testing for cue salience to determine the role and affect it may have on prospective memory performance. In one of the studies that asked children to relay a message to a research assistant as soon as they entered the room, they were not able to find age-related effects on prospective memory in 7- to 11-year olds Although prospective memory performance was high, it may have been affected by the salient and socially relevant cues of the task. In what ways does manipulating factors relevant to cue event detection impact prospective memory performance in young children? How could such a test be
The strange situation was devised in order to measure and test the nature of attachment between an infant and their caregiver. The strange situation was used to see how infants react under stressful situations such as separation from the caregiver (causing separation anxiety) and also the presence of a stranger (stranger anxiety). It also aimed to encourage exploration by putting the infants into a novel situation and thus testing the secure base concept of Bowlby's theory of attachment. Observers watched the behaviours displayed between the infants and caregiver from behind one way mirrors and collected data every 15 seconds on various different criteria, they also measured the intensity of the behaviour on a scale of 1-7. The strange situation procedure consisted of 8 different episodes that were devised to highlight/provoke certain behaviours.
Discuss to the extent to which the effects of privation can be reversed. (12 MARKS) Privation is when an attachment has not had the chance to be formed, this occurs in times such as when a child is orphaned at birth. Hodges and Tizard conducted a study on the effects of privation; they aimed to see whether the effects could be reversed. It was a longitudinal study using 65 children who were placed in care before 4 months, compared to a control group of children who were raised at home normally who had attachments. They measured emotional and social competence at ages 4, 8 and 16.
Throughout the set up, the infants were judged on an intensity scale of 1-7 (1 being the lowest and 7 the highest) which described their behaviour. This was Ainsworth’s quantitative data, though some of the method was qualitative. When the mother left the room and returned, with the effect of the stranger, the infants’ behaviour showed that the infants could fall into 3 types of behaviour. Type B is ‘secure attachment’; this is when the infants found it stressful and unsettling when their mother left the room. They did not care about the stranger attempting to give the comfort.
False Memory Essay, Research Paper False Memory 1 Running Head: FALSE MEMORY False Memory: The impact of age and suggestibility on children Melissa Lee Lynchburg College False Memory 2 Abstract This study examined the effects of planting false memories in children, ages 3 to 8 years of age. Twenty children were divided into two groups, according to age. Group one consisted of ten children, ages 3 to 5, and group two consisted of ten children, ages 6 to 8. The experimenter came to the children’s elementary or preschool to have a 30 minute session with a child 3 times a week. During these sessions, the experimenter would tell the child one real event that happened to them, provided by a parent, and one suggested event, provided by the experimenter.
Assignment 1 1. Match the following: a) Sensori-motor stage | a) Swiss psychologist | b) Concrete –operational stage | b) from birth to 24 months | c) Pre- operational stage | c) from 2-7years | d) Jacques Mehler | d) from 7 – 11 years | e) Jean Piaget | e) cognitive neuroscientist | Answers:- (a – c ) , (b - d), (c – b), (d – e) , (e – a) 2. Fill in the blanks: a) Babies from __________develop early learning advantage skills but this may not automatically mean that they will have __________later on in their lives. b) Each group of bilingual and monolingual learners had to look at screens in anticipation of Stimulation with puppets associated with sound cues with the image. c) The bilingual babies beat the Monolingual even when the sound cues changed from Nonsense syllable combinations to a structured sound cue and then a visual cue.
What happens when you out good people in an evil place? Effect on children Bandura et al (1961) – Bobo Doll Study. This experiment was originally carried out to examine the effect of witnessing aggression, on young children , but can be applied to the topic of this presentation, as the children were placed in a situation where they witnessed violent, evil, behaviour. The experiment involved 72 young children (between the ages of 3 and 5 years), split into 8 groups. 1.
Early studies found that 70% were unable to show feelings towards anyone. The children were assessed regularly and some of the children had even left due to adoption or they had been reunited with their families. Hodges and Tizard found that the children who had been reunited with their families were less likely to form attachments with their mothers; however the adopted children were as closely attached to their parents as ‘normal’ children. On the other hand, both groups did have problems with peers as they struggled to make secure friendships. This shows that privation had an effect on the children and had affected their ability to form attachments.
Ainsworth et al devised an assessment technique called the strange situation in order to investigate how attachments might vary between children. She carried out an observational lab study and developed an experimental procedure to observe the variety of attachment forms exhibited between mothers and infants. Ainsworth’s ‘strange situation’ was conducted by observing the behaviour of the infant in a series of 3-minute episodes as follows 1.) Parent and infant alone in the room 2.) Stranger joins parent and infant 3.)
Though they begin to trust in these reactions, they still are not officially attached. • From 6-8 until somewhere between 18-24month, infants enter into phase three also is known as the “clear-cut” attachment phase. During this time there should be evidence in the infant’s behavior of attachment to their primary care givers. This attachment is proved by the serration anxiety that is experienced by most infants this age, it seems that it is at its worst somewhere between 6 and 15 months. Just like adults, all infants react differently in different situations and this is no different, some infants do not experience separation anxiety while