New York, NY: Macmillan. Bass, Inc. Howell, J.C. 1997. Juvenile Justice & Youth Violence. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Howell, J.C., Krisberg, B., Hawkins, J.D., and Wilson, J.J., eds. 1995.
Updates from latest discussion:- Q2) To include the following factors: Analytical write-up of developmental stages of Will (Pls refer to Book 1, pg 59 to 62) Childhood Instability in the home Will moved from one foster home to another: emotionally & mentally distressing Psychological abuse Psychological mistreatment suffered from Will Eg. Punished unrealistically through overtly negative reinforcements eg. excessive criticisms, threatened periodically with abandonment (presumption - as Will had been subjected with physical abuse at 3 foster homes, he could have been threatened with abandonment due to his misbehaviours) Negative reinforcements contributed to Will’s low & inferior self-esteem Unmet Needs
Having a caregiving environment of mind-mindedness, a state in which the parents treat their children as independent thinkers, is a necessary condition for the best development of interpersonal interpretive function. Individuals suffering from BPD have an inadequate ability to understand that their reactions and other’s reactions are driven by thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires. Attachment trauma is also thought to be part of the history of those with BPD. Attachment theory suggests that early experience with caregivers serves to organize later attachment relationships and has been used to explain the psychopathology of BPD (Fonagy, Target, Gergely, Allen, & Bateman, 2003). Childhood maltreatment studies have offered diverse predictors in the types of childhood maltreatment associated with BPD.
In retrospect: Anthony M. Platt’s the child savers: The invention of delinquency. Reviews in American History. Vol 35 pp 464-481 Platt, Anthony (1969). The rise of the child-saving movement: A study in social policy and correctional reform. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
Attachment Difficulties Bowlby’s theory of Maternal Depravation held the importance of attachment issues in a child’s development and how this may impact in later life. Bowlby’s studies in the 1940’s with emotionally disturbed juveniles showed that a number of the juveniles had been separated from their mothers for a long period as a child, some of the youngsters showed no affection or care for others, this Bowlby termed as “affectionless psychopathy”. Bowlby argued that anti-social behaviour was due to separation between the mother and child. He also tried to reason that a bad home life was better for a child as the attachment between mother and child would continue. Bowlby believed that through this research working mothers should think about the child’s needs and stay at home.
Bowlby noted the apparent distress in childrenseparated from their mothers in unusual circumstances e.g. hospitalisation. Instudying the more abnormal and distressing
Coates et al propose that the trauma led to a cross gender fantasy as a means of resolving the ensuing anxiety. Another psychosocial explanation is the effect of mother-son relationships. Stoller found that GID is often a result of distorted parent attitudes. He interviewed GID individuals and found that the majority displayed overly close mother-son relationships. Therefore, this may have led to greater female identification and confused gender identity.
(1992). God, parent and self concepts in abused and non abused children. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 11 (3), 235 – 243. Kirkpatrick , L.A. (1997). A longitudinal study of changes in religious belief and behavior as a function of individual differences adult attachment style.
Antisocial behavior and aggression has been shown to link back to the rejection of those around you as a young child. It is believed that peer rejection at a young age is the cause of later stress while also affecting the development in that child. “It is hypothesized that, as a provocation stimulus, peer social rejection will lead children to respond with increased reactive and proactive aggressive behavior,” (Dodge & Coie, 2987). This quote narrows the article down to one main subject; that subject being the aggression caused in a child caused by rejection from peers or others around them. Not only does social rejection cause stress and aggression in a young child, it results in stress among the family due to the child’s behavioral changes.
San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2004. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "The Impact of Child Maltreatment and Family Violence on the Sexual, Reproductive, and Parenting Behaviors of Young Men." The Prevention Researcher 14 (Dec. 2007): 8-10.