If this fails, a pancrelipase and sodium bicarbonate solution may be instilled in order to "digest" the clog. Metabolic complications: Metabolic complications of enteral nutrition are similar to those that occur during PN, although the incidence and severity may be less. Careful monitoring can minimize or prevent metabolic complications. Refeeding syndrome: Refeeding of severely malnourished patients may result in "refeeding syndrome" in which there are acute decreases in circulating levels of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate. The sequel of refeeding syndrome adversely affect nearly every organ system and include cardiac dysrhythmias, heart failure, acute respiratory failure, coma, paralysis, nephropathy, and liver dysfunction.
Pressure overload usually results from an obstructive lesion, such as COA c. Decrease contractility can result from problems such as sever anemia, asphyxia, heart block and acidemia. d. High cardiac output demands occur when the body’s need for oxygen exceeds the heart’s output
Approximately 550,000 individuals are determined to have heart failure every year. It's the main source of hospitalization in individuals more established than 65. Heart failure doesn't mean the heart has quit working. It implies the heart is less ready to pump blood through the heart and body, and weight in the heart goes up. Subsequently,
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) happens when the heart’s inablility to strongly pump blood through the heart causes the fluid called congestion to buildup in the lungs and other body tissues. Contrary to what most people think, CHF doesn’t mean that the heart suddenly stops working. It just means that the blood flow isnt as strong as it should be. The most common reason for heart attacks is from Coronary Artery Disease, where the coronary arteries in the heart are either narrowing, or there is a blockage from fluid or blood buildup
They are often related. An unbalanced diet, age, not enough exercise and lifestyle choices, such as smoking, can produce both conditions. Hypertension can cause arteriosclerosis by making the artery walls thick and less elastic, which speeds up the forming of fatty deposits in blood vessels. Hypertension can be a result of arteriosclerosis due to the artery walls thickening and blood flow is restricted. Confirmed Physical Health, online classroom, and learning guide HLTAP401B.
The traditional risk factors for coronary artery disease are high LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, family history, diabetes, smoking, being post-menopausal for women and being older than 45 for men, obesity may also be a risk factor. Once the inner wall of an artery is damaged, fatty deposits (plaques) made of cholesterol and other cellular waste products tend to accumulate at the site of injury in a process called atherosclerosis. If the surface of these plaques breaks or ruptures, blood cells called platelets will clump at the site to try to repair the artery. This clump can block the artery, leading to a heart attack. Lifestyle changes and medicines can help control CAD.
Atherosclerosis is a disease of large and medium-sized muscular arteries and is characterized by the following: Endothelial dysfunction Vascular inflammation Buildup of lipids, cholesterol, calcium, and cellular debris within the intima of the vessel wall Atherosclerotic buildup results in the following: Plaque formation Vascular remodeling Acute and chronic luminal obstruction Abnormalities of blood flow Diminished oxygen supply to target organs By impairing or obstructing normal blood flow, atherosclerotic buildup causes myocardial ischemia. Approximately 14 million Americans have CAD. Each year, 1.5 million individuals develop acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the most deadly presentation of CAD, and more than 500,000 of these individuals die. Nonetheless, there has been a 30% reduction in mortality from CAD since the late 20th century. Many factors have contributed to this, including the introduction of coronary care units, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), thrombolytic therapy, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and a renewed emphasis on lifestyle modification.
In addition, having this type of anemia causes the red blood cells (RBCs) to become hard and pointed. Since hemoglobin (found inside RBCs) normally carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, anemia leads to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) in organs. As a result, the RBCs function abnormally causing small blood clots, and can get stuck in the blood vessels. When this occurs, circulation in the blood
Heart Failure (FD) Often called Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) or Congestive Cardiac Failure (CCF).A chronic condition in which the heart is unable to pump out of all of the blood it receives. Resulting in Blood may back up in other areas of the body also known as a “Heart Failure. Fluid may build up in the lungs, liver, gastrointestinal tract, and arms and lungs. CHF Heart Failure contains risk factors in people who Smoke, Drink Alcohol, aren’t physically inactive, have obesity, contain high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and have Type 2 diabetes. In Canada alone just about 500,000 Canadians are living with heart failure.
An ischemic stroke is usually characterized by a reduction or obstruction of blood supply to the brain due to blocked blood vessels caused by atherosclerosis or a blood clot. Up to twelve percent of ischemic strokes often cause death within thirty days and is among the largest health burdens in developed countries. It is worth noting that the epidemiology of stroke has been changing because of several factors, with the most important being an ageing population, as well as advancements in the treatment of the condition. Stroke prevalence is projected to increase globally as the population of individuals aged above sixty-five years augments (Ovbiagele et al., 2013, p. 2363). Ovbiagele et al.