divided Macedon into four republics The West Romans committed dreadful atrocities; lied, cheated, and broke treaties to exploit and pacify natives Religion 205 B.C.E. public worship of Cybele, Great mother goddess from Asia Minor banned worship of other gods. Education Fathers taught sons and had physical training for potential soldiers. Romans learned Greek Girls of upper class learned similar Roman Imperialism Aftermath of Conquest War and expansion changed the economic, social, and political life of Italy. Veterans could not go back to farms Latifundia- abandoned land acquired by wealthy The Gracchi Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 B.C.E.)
John XXIII asked the emperor to arrange another council. The outcome was the Council of Constance which lasted from 1414-1418. It was decided that John XXIII would be deposed; as well the council accepted the resignation of the current Roman pope, Gregory XII. Few rulers still supported the pope in Avignon and after extensive negotiations allegiance was removed. The final decree of the council was that Martin V would
This marked the start of centuries of religious conflict in Britain. However, even though Henry was a protestant, and had split from the Pope, England remained Catholic, until Henry died and his son became King. As soon as news of Henry VIIIs death reached the continent, exiled Protestants who had fled persecution in the 1530s and early 1540s
This continued until Henry VIII, so desperate to produce a male heir, broke Papal control over England and named himself Head of the Church that taught an offshoot of Christianity based on the teachings of Martin Luther, the Protestant Church of England. This change did not make much difference, as the main different was the head of the Church and belief about divorce. Many more changes came after Henry died in 1547 and Edward VI became king. Edward, led by his advisors, moved England completely from Catholicism and to Protestantism. He passed laws such as making churches and bishops more plain, services be said in English and creating the Book of Common Prayer in 1549 and a refined version in 1552.
Constantine would convert to Christianity and Rome would become a Christian empire. Prior to this Rome persecuted the Christians. 380 AD - Theodosius I declares Christianity to be the sole religion of the Roman Empire. 395 AD - Rome splits into two
* The Byzantine Empire began as the Roman Empire. Emperor Constantine founded the city of Byzantium on the site of a former Greek city-state, and made it the capital of the Roman Empire. The official founding date was 11 May, 330AD. * Early French epics and romances tell of the wondrous foods, spices, drugs, and precious stones that could be found in the palaces of Constantinople. * He also decreed that Christianity would become the official religion, although at the start nobody was forced to be Christian.
He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system During his rule, Christianity was birthed, and would later on spread. Augustus wrote a record of all his accomplishments in a book known as Res Gestae Divi Augusti, which still is around today. Upon his death in 14 AD, Augustus was declared a god by the Senate and was to be worshipped by Romans. The sixth month of the calendar was renamed after him. Though his death was unfortunate, his reign laid the foundations of a regime that lasted almost fifteen hundred
There was an immediate call for a new crusade. However, surprisingly enough, there was not an overwhelming response. Eugenius first appealed to the young King Louis of France. In December of that same year he addressed a papal bull to the king, proclaiming a new crusade: ...We therefore beseech, admonish and command all of you, and we enjoin it for the remission of sins, that those who are on God's side - especially the more powerful and noble men - that they gird themselves manfully and attack the pagan multitudes.. liberate the Eastern church, and strive to wrest many thousands of our captive brethren from their hands... (Brundage, 1962,
Severus, patriarch of Antioch, the theological luminary of the Monophysites, escaped to Egypt where the patriarch of Alexandria gave him refuge. Vitalian returned to Constantinople where he became Master of the Soldiers in the capital, consul in 520, and then was murdered, probably at Justinian's instigation. But the settlement was illusive, as Justinian soon realized, and within months he was advocating a compromise put forward by a group of monks from Scythia Minor which got the support of Vitalian, who came from there himself. Hormisdas himself did not reject this so-called "Theopaschite Doctrine" out of hand, though in the end, he did. But it was vigorously denounced by ardent watchdogs of orthodoxy in Constantinople, the 'Sleepless Monks', so called because they kept up an endless doxology with teamwork day and night in their monastery on the eastern side of the
Caesar emerged victorious, and was made dictator for life. In 44 BC, Caesar was assassinated by senators who opposed Caesar's assumption of absolute power and wanted to restore constitutional government, but in the aftermath a Second Triumvirate, consisting of Caesar's designated heir, Octavian, and his former supporters, Mark Antony and Lepidus, took power. However, this alliance soon descended into a struggle for dominance. Lepidus was exiled, and when Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra of Egypt at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, he became the undisputed ruler of Rome. With his enemies defeated, Octavian took the name Augustus and assumed almost absolute power, retaining only a pretense of the Republican form of government.