Eventually the Islamic empire was weakened from civil war and political issues. Their growth was eventually stopped by the Christians in 1492. During the conquest of Syria and Palestine, the Muslims captured the rich Syrian trade center Damascus in 635, which became their capitol and the location of the caliphs. One year later Islam had took control of the Mediterranean coast reaching from Palestine to the Taurus Mountains. Islamic leaders decided not to advance any farther north, because they were opposed to climbing over the Taurus Mountains, and were intimidated by the military strength of the Byzantine that would be in the middle of the empire.
When Maximian, in dispute with his son, fled to Constantine, Constantine received and sheltered him until Maximian, in an attempt to regain the throne, undertook a revolt against Constantine's rule in Gaul. Unsuccessful against Constantine, Maximian was forced to commit suicide. Constantine, having already declared against Maxentius and ignoring the fact that Galerius had recognized Licinius in the East, now considered himself emperor. When Galerius died in 310, still another claimant to the imperial throne appeared in Maximin, who allied himself with Maxentius against the alliance of Licinius and Constantine. While Licinius attacked Maximin, Constantine moved into Italy against Maxentius.
The Pope ordered Bernard of Clairvaux (in France) to preach a second crusade to take it back and defeat Zangi. From beginning to end, though, this crusade was not successful. Most of Conrad's soldiers were killed as they marched through Turkey. Third Crusade 1187–1192:The Third Crusade was caused by the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by Saladin, the sultan of Egypt. Saladin was the enemy of the English crusades.
As Wand believed, “This battle marks an epoch, for it helped to make the first Christian Empire and so affected the history of European civilisation down to the present time”. After their joint edict of toleration to all citizen AD313, Licinius began a renewal of persecution against Christians in AD319 believing their loyalty lay with Constantine. A final conflict ensued in AD324 in which Constantine was victorious and assumed as the sole emperor of the Roman Empire until his death in May AD337. After the Battle of the Mivilian Bridge, the Edict of Milan was expanded to include the East where according to Wand, “Christians were far more numerous” in which religious toleration to all, especially Christians was noted. It is a possibility that Contantine had Christian family members with his half sister being called Anastasia, meaning resurrection and he would have encountered Christians within Diocletian's courts.
Occurring predominantly in Europe and the Middle East, the Crusades began in 1095 and officially ended in 1291 (History.com staff, 2010). This being said, the causes can be traced back to 1081 when Alexius Comnenus gained the Byzantine throne, becoming Emperor Alexius I, after years of chaos and invasions by the Seljuk Turks (History.com staff, 2010). In due time Emperor Alexius would begin to set his sights on reclaiming the Holy Land from the Muslims. Seeing that this task would require more than the Byzantine’s men, he reached out to Pope Urban II of the Roman Catholic Church asking him for troops (History.com staff, 2010). The Pope made his decision public at the 1095 Council of Clermont in Southern France where he raised the proposal for all able Western Christians to raise arms to aid the Byzantines.
Agesilaus objected to Leotychidas' reign, saying that he was a mere bastard; the prince replied by saying that there was an oracle that warned against a 'lame king.' The debate was concluded when Lysander, Sparta's best commander and a personal friend of Agesilaus, declared that the (lysander, 400b.c). So, in 400, Agesilaus was accepted as king by the Spartans. Lysander was the proponent of a militant and aggressive foreign policy, and from now on Agesilaus had to follow this policy too. In the year of his accession, he sent general Thibron to what is now Turkey in order to protect the Greek towns against oppression by the Persian satrap Tissaphernes.
When Constantine left to rule Egypt, he decided to leave his brother in charge of the Salamis kingdom. Unexpectedly, Constantine died in Alexandria, Egypt. During this time, Catherine converted to Christianity and her conversion sent her uncle, the interim king, into a rage. He had Catherine imprisoned in Salamis, later in Paphos, and finally Alexandria, Egypt. She was brought before the new Alexandrian emperor, Emperor Maxentius, who had replaced her deceased father.
For centuries the Church enjoyed this supreme power. It would not be until late in the fourteenth century that the Church’s power would lessen. This was cause primarily by the Great Schism. The Great Schism was in effect a large cause of the decline and fall of the papal power during the middle ages. This is essentially because the Roman Catholic Church was split into two.
Sara Pourghaed John T. Paoletti and Gary M. Radke, “Florence: The Renewed Republic andthe Return of the Medici” The essay starts off my pointing out how Medici lost power of Florence after 2 years of power. His own people threw him out after he allied with Naples and the French king, Charles VIII. After him came who Dominican friar Girolamo Savonarola was one of the strongest political voices at the time. He was among the clergy of the monastery of San Marco, but he could not hold office. His preaching of Christian reform were so powerful that it gave a religious cast on republican reform turning the meeting hall of the Great Council into the Hall of Christ.
Within this essay three different authors’ interpretations of three topics will be discussed: Christianity and its effect on the Western Empire, barbarians affect on the Roman military, and the splitting of the empire. It is important to note that the Western empire did not fall overnight, the empire succumbed to a gradual breakdown of political, economic, and social institutions over the course of four hundred years. A brief abridgment of the fall of the Western Empire can begin with the Teutoburg Forrest in 9 CE. The crushing defeat the Roman forces is the earliest sign of events that lead to the Western Empires demise. Roman expansion into Germanic territories was essentially halted and the assimilation of the Germanic tribes was a failure.