Chavacano: Creole Spanish in the Philippines

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Chavacano: Creole Spanish in the Philippines Chavacano is a Spanish-based creole language spoken in the Philippines. It is the only Spanish-based creole in Asia, and one of the oldest creoles in the world.[1] Unfortunately, Chavacano has been classified by linguists as an endangered language. It is one of several languages throughout the world that linguists predict are in danger of becoming extinct within the next 100 years.[2] Chavacano developed over 400 years ago, when the Spanish first settled the Philippine islands.[1] At this time, a pidgin language formed that served as a means of communication between the natives and the Spanish settlers, as well as traders and immigrants. When the population began to use this pidgin as their native language, it became a creole.[3] During the colonial period, the Spaniards called this language “Chavacano”, which means “vulgar” or “poor taste”, because it was the language of the uneducated class. This name was also used to distinguish it from the proper Spanish that was spoken by the elite class on the islands.[1] Chavacano combines vocabulary from Spanish with the grammar of Tagalog or Cebuano, which are both indigenous languages of the Philippines.[4] The language actually consists of 6 dialects: Caviteño, Ternateño, and Ermiteño (now extinct), which are Tagalog-based, and Zamboangueño, Davaoeño, and Cotabateño, which are Cebuano-based. The Chavacano of Zamboanga has the largest number of speakers (360,000).[4] Chavacano is in danger of becoming extinct because more and more Filipinos have preferred to speak English and Tagalog, which are both the official languages of the country. Today, there are only about 600,000 speakers of Chavacano left throughout the Philippines. The majority of these speakers are elders.[1] Chavacano is experiencing what is called “language death”. According to April McMahon,
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