* Production and secretion of substances – hormones, mucus, goblet cells. Metabolism Metabolism basically means tissue change, it is all processes by which the living body is maintained. It includes the processes by which energy is made available within the body. Catabolism – is a type of metabolic process. These metabolic processes involve breaking down large molecules into smaller molecules.
Cytoskeleton The cytoskeleton makes up the cell’s structural framework. The cytoskeleton determines the cells shape, participates in cell division, and allows cells to move. Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum transports molecules to their specific destinations either inside or outside the cell. Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus packages molecules processed by the endoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell. Lysosomes These organelles are the recycling centre of the cell.
The details of each membrane will be discussed in further detail. The organelles composed of membranes are the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles/Vesicles, Nuclear Membrane, Mitochondria, and Chloroplast. The cell membrane is an extremely important cell part that functions as a barrier that completely surrounds the cell and serves as an animal cell's outer barrier. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer is made up of a double layer of fatty acids that have a hydrophobic interior and a hydrophilic exterior.
This is a gel like fluid where chemical reactions take place. Mitochondria: Is circular or rod shape bodies found within the cytoplasm and helps to releases energy. Every cell in the body has at least one thousand of these. They have double layered membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum: Commonly known as ER Endo means within and Recto means a network – A network within a cell interior There are two variations: Rough – has tiny black bodies known as ribosomes.
Also it is common in the liver cells, striated muscle and nerve cells. Golgi apparatus: Golgi apparatus is usually connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It stores and transports proteins and other substances manufactured by the ER. Golgi apparatus is made up of several folds of membranes and a collection of vesicles. The number of Golgi bodies in a cell varies according to its function.
Activation of each of the pathways causing the activation of C3, the most abundant complement protein in the plasma, which cleave into C3b, a larger fragment and a smaller fragment C3. C3b acts as an opsonin may coat the surface of invading pathogens promoting phagocytosis by macrophages. C3a (anaphylatoxin), activates mast cells causing the release of vasoactive mediators such as histamine promoting dilation and increased permeability of capillaries. The complement protein C5b from the cleavage of C5 reacts with another component including C6, C7, C8, and C9 to form a membrane attack complex (MAC). This structure inserts itself into the pathogen’s plasma membrane forming a pore.
The cardiovascular system is a complex network of the heart, blood vessels and blood. Its job is to deliver nutrients to the body and remove by-products
The cell membrane allows food, water and oxygen into the cell, and waste to come out of the cell. Cytoplasm is a gelatine-like inside-cell membrane, which constantly flows. Also known as protoplasm. A cytoskeleton is a scaffolding-like structure in a cytoplasm, it helps the cell maintain or change into shape. It is made up of proteins.
Structure – The nucleus is encapsulated and protected by the nuclear envelope, which is a double lipid bilayer. Within the envelope is the nucleoplasm, which holds chromatin, a complexity of proteins and DNA, and in the center of the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleus also has pores on the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope, which regulate the entry and exit of certain macromolecules (Campbell, 2005, pg.102). Lysosome Function – Lysosomes are membranous sacs filled with enzymes that are used to digest different kinds of macromolecules within a cell (Campbell, 2005, pg.107). Lysosomes are essentially a digestive system for the cell both breaking down materials taken in from outside the cell and breaking down obsolete components of the cell itself (Cooper).
Embedded in the plasma membrane are protein molecules, some of which form channels through which other molecules can pass. Some proteins act as carriers — that is, they are “paid” in energy to let a molecule attach to itself and then transport that molecule inside the cell. A membrane can allow molecules to be passively transported through it in three ways: diffusion (high concentration to a low concentration), osmosis (water