Plasma and red blood cells transport substances to or away from cell. White blood cells and platelets are parts of the immune system. Blood plasma is mostly made up of water which is from respiration and is absorbed from the large intestine. Water can also be reabsorbed from the kidney. This is very important as this allows osmosis occurs in our bodies.
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Which of the following is one of the body's first lines of defense against infection? A) several nonspecific antibodies 1) _____ B) several nonspecific amino acid toxins C) several nonspecific obstacles such as skin and mucous membranes ** D) increased production of certain hormones and changes in the blood circulation E) none of the above 2) What kinds of cells wander the interstitial fluid eating whatever bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter and recognize? 2) _____ A) natural killer cells B) monocytes C) leukocytes D) macrophages ** E) interferons 3) Which of the following kinds of protein circulates in the blood and coats the surfaces of microbes to make them more susceptible to engulfment by macrophages?
Rafts are postulated to grow by accumulation of cholesterol, sphingolipids, and GPI-anchored proteins. Lipid rafts can assist in cellular signaling. What is meant by asymmetric structure of biological
These dimers add on to the ends of a microtubule allowing the molecule to increase in size (Campbell & Reece, 2004). GTP irreversibly binds to the GTP-binding site positioned on α-tubuline where it does not become hydrolysed. On the other hand GTP reversibly binds to the binding site on β-tubuline where hydrolysis converts GTP into GDP (W.H.Freeman & company, 2000). Microtubules are involved in various different cellular activities such as flagellar and ciliary motion, maintenance and determination of the shape of a cell, cell division and chromosome movement. Because they create movement within the cell, both the cell as a whole and its subcellular components have the ability to move from one place to another (Kleinsmith & Kish, 1988) [pic](W.H.Freeman & company, 2000) Patients who suffer from Parkinson’s disease have a protein called alpha-synuclein in their brain.
Through apolipoprotein C-II, the mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Lipoprotein lipase is an enzyme found on the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacyglycerol (glycerol covalently bonded to three fatty acids). Triacyglycerol releases glycerol along with fatty acids found in the chylomicrons. Fatty acids and glycerol can be absorbed in muscle, peripheral tissues, and adipose, for energy as well as storage. The hydrolyzed chylomicrons become chylomicron remnants.
• Helper T cells precipitate the production of antibodies by B cells and also produce substances that activate other T cells. • Regulatory/Suppressor T cells suppress the response of B cells and other T cells to antigens. (d) Explain how T-cells interact with B-cells as part of the immune response in the human body include in your answer a discussion of the mechanism that allow these interactions Although antibodies can recognize an antigen and lock onto it, they are not capable of destroying it without help. That's the job of the T cells, which are part of the system that destroys antigens that have been tagged by antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. (Some T cells are actually called "killer cells.")
When the cell become in contact with each other and a new adhesion molecules formed, the migration process stops. Furthermore, the keratinocytes release protein to rebuild the basement membrane. Re-epithelialization process is triggered by many wound associated signals include nitric oxide (NO) which produced by macrophages during early stages of wound healing [16], growth factors including epidermal growth factors (EGF) KGF, IGF-1, and nerve growth factor (NGF) that released from many cell kinds in the wounds. Angiogenesis is a process by which new blood vessel formation is established to supply the damaged area with oxygen and nutrient which are important during wound healing. Angiogenesis is started by by growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and the serine protease thrombin.
Neutrophils have a multi-lobed, segmented or polymorphonuclear nucleus and so are also called PMNs, polys or segs. Bands are immature neutrophils that are seen in the blood. When a bacterial infection is present, an increase of neutrophils and bands are seen. Eosinophils kill parasites and have a role in allergic reactions. Basophils are not well understood, but they function in allergic reactions.
Therefore, platelets undergo degranulation the exocytosis of their cytoplasmic granules and release of factors that promote hemostasis. Aggregation is occurs when serotonin (vasoconstrictor), ADP (attracts more platelets and stimulates their degranulation), and thromboxane A2 (stimulates degranulation and vasoconstriction) are released. Thus it can quickly seal a small break in blood vessel. Coagulation is the last process of the hemostasis. It has three ways; intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathways.
Define the term Erythema. Redness of the skin or mucous membranes, caused by hyperemia of superficial capillaries. 10. Define the term Exudate. A fluid rich in protein and cellular elements that oozes out of blood vessels due to inflammation and is deposited in nearby tissues.