Outline and evaluate Bowlby’s explanation of attachment. Bowlby worked for many years as a psychoanalyst, and was very influenced by Freud’s theories of development in children. Although, he also found the work of Lorenz, on innate nature of bonds through imprinting very interesting. Bowlby took both, Freud’s and Lorenz’s, ideas to produce his own evolutionary theory of attachments. Bowlby believed that attachments are natural and adaptive.
Diploma in Therapeutic Counselling Unit Title: K/601/7632 Counselling Theory Unit Summary: Learners will analyse one major therapeutic model to influence, inform and empower their practice as a counsellor. They will also compare other therapeutic models with the major model. Learner name: Claire Bracegirdle Tutor name: Margaret Shacklady Learning outcome 1 – understand a major therapeutic model of counselling Assessment Criteria 1.1 Analyse the philosophy of one major therapeutic model in relation to . Its origins . Historical development to the present day .
1) Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis; 2) The Evolutionary Basis of Attachment; 3) Social Releasers and Instinctive Parenting Responses; and 4) Internal Working Models. (Jarvis, 2001, p23) Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis ‘declared that a child requires the continuous presence of a primary
Critically discuss attachment theory In this essay I shall attempt to define what attachment theory is, briefly go over its history, look at the most important people who have formed and influenced this theory and then finally discuss any criticisms of the theory. Before I look at each of these and to help in the examination of this question, I feel that I should, first define what attachment theory is. According to Kagan et el (1978 cited in Gross 2010:494) an attachment is an intense emotional relationship that is specific to two people, that endures over time, and in which prolonged separation from the partner is accompanied by stress and sorrow. Pearce (2009:13) says that “attachment is a term used to describe the dependency relationship a child develops towards his or her primary caregivers.” As you can see from the two quotes there is already a slight difference as Kagan is more general, while Pearce is more specific. Pearce (2009:13) goes on to say “It is more observable during the latter half of the first year of life and develops progressively over the first four years of life.” It must also be pointed out that we are not born with attachment but “this special relationship emerges over time and through a series of stages” Pearce (2009:19).
In terms of being described as a cognitive behavioral approach, it would be labeled as schemata (Mones, et. al., 2007) IFS assumes that the mind is made up an infinite number of these subpersonalities, which it labels as “parts.” Each of these parts represents different aspects of personality. They interact internally in ways that are similar to external social interactions between people. Parts develop their own system of interacting with each other, and become more complex as we age and gain new experiences. This internal “family” of parts is why the theory is named as it is.
In addition to my personal observations, I also identified areas for growth and areas of strength within my personality inclinations, and determined for myself my suitability for a career in the Counseling Profession. In the pages that follow, I discuss these results of my taking the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire. As early as the 18th century, various pseudoscientific techniques, such as phrenology and physiognomy, have been used in an attempt to identify underlying personality inclinations in individuals. In the 1940’s, Raymond Cattell and his colleagues took an empirical approach and conducted research that lead to the development of a multiple choice questionnaire to assess 16 primary factors of human personality, and though the 16PF Questionnaire has been revised multiple times since its inception, the 5th edition has been widely accepted as the standard for personality assessment. In an attempt to better understand myself, I have completed the 5th edition of the 16PF Questionnaire and made general observations
Subculture Theory | DAVID HICKEY | RESEARCH PAPER | CJST 131 - WA | David Hickey October 27, 2012 CJST 131-Wa Research Paper Subculture Theory SUBCULTURE THEORY The theory that I am going to talk about in this research paper is the subculture theory. This is a theory that forms from the social structure theories. In this research paper I will define the subculture theory, the major theorist who devised and support the theory and there background information, define the major concepts/propositions and how they came up with this theory, and I will also give you my personal opinion on the theory and whether or not I agree with it. The Major Theorist The major theorist who devised and supported this theory was Frederic M. Thrasher, Albert K. Cohen, Richard Cloward, Lloyd Ohlin and Walter B. Miller. Frederic Milton Thrasher (1892–1962) was a sociologist at the University of Chicago.
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT OF FIRE BRIGADES IN THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE DISSERTATION SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE MAGISTER IN SUPERVISOR: POTCHEFSTROOM JANUARY 2008 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTRACT OF FIRE BRIGADES IN THE NORTH-WEST PROVINCE V VELDSMAN 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 ABSTRACT This dissertation set out to assess selected psychological contract literature in an attempt to support and describe the developing understanding regarding the distinctive character of today's work agreements and work environment in South Africa's public sector, and more specifically that of the fire brigade in the North West Province. This aim of this dissertation therefore was to provide practical knowledge and future research directions, and to fill in several gaps in the knowledge concerning the psychological contract. In this comprehensive study consideration was given to the psychological contract of the fire brigades of the North-West Province. Chapter 1 comprised the diverse parts of the problem statement and the research objectives in which the general objective and specific objectives were expounded. Chapter 2 gave insight into the term psychological contract by looking into its history and origin.
Motivation is a process that arises from research in physiological or psychological need that activates a behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal (Byrnes 2009). The corresponding theories arise from research in psychology, identified as four theory areas: need, cognitive, reinforcement, and social learning (ibid.). Need theories states that people behave the way they do because of internal needs they are attempting to fulfill (ibid.). Cognitive theories argue that the ways people think are used to decide their behaviors. Reinforcement theories depend heavily on the effect of law, which argues that people
Journal 1: Personality Theory A personality theory is a theory is an attempt to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique. (p.445) There are many personality theories but for the most part they are grouped into four basic perspectives: The Psychoanalytic Perspective: Freud’s theory of personality, which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior, sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the enduring effects of early childhood experiences on later personality development. (p.445) Humanistic Perspective: theoretical viewpoint on personality that generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of people, human potential, self-actualization, the self-concept, and healthy personality development. (p.459) Social Cognitive Perspective: Albert Bandura’s theory of personality, which emphasizes the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experiences, self-efficacy beliefs, and reciprocal determinism. (p.463) Trait Personality: trait theories of personality focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences in behavioral predispositions.