With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline [40 marks]. Urban decline is one of the biggest problems that may occur in an urban area. It is when the inner city becomes run down due to a lack of maintenance and economic activity. This is often accompanied by a decline in population and also an increase in unemployment. However, this process doesn’t come alone.
When a city suffers an industrial decline, there is often a rise in unemployment, and there will also be a lot of derelict and unused land left behind. This has been the case in many northern cities, such as Manchester. This could be compared to how Manchester has 25% of very high household deprivation, and only 5% of very low levels of household deprivation, because Manchester also suffered industrial decline. This therefore shows that cities
The collapse of the housing market and unemployment caused the most damage. Between 1991 to 1992 unemployment had gone back up to 2.6 million. Negative equity meant home owner were paying mortgages far higher than their homes were worth. Many people could simply not keep up with the increased prices and resulted in them losing their homes due to the bank repossessing them. The recession hit close to home for the Tories, effecting the middle class not just the working class of the industrial north.
In the article “No Babies?” by Russell Shorto, he discusses how the population in Europe is declining drastically. He discusses how the birthrate has dropped drastically from 6.0 to 2.9 today. He discusses how the birth to death rate is very unbalanced as well, which is a result of the declining population. He takes in to consideration how the European population worldwide will decrease from 12.5% to only 5%. He discusses how it is feared that the European culture will be lost due to the fact that the majority of the European population is mainly made up of older generations and few younger.
With significantly reduced wealth, spending decline, banks failed and on top of this drought conditions contributed to a lack of good crops. The Great Depression was the result of an unlucky combination of factors, but mainly the use of margin is to blame (Doc . Worldwide, there was increased unemployment, decreased government revenue, and a drop in international trade. At the height of the Great Depression in 1933, more than a quarter of the US labor force was unemployed. Some countries saw a change in leadership as a result of the economic turmoil.
Though collectivisation may have had short term boosts to the economy but the effects of collectivisation were disastrous. For that the harvest of 1933 was nine million tons less than that of 1926 and the number of pigs dropped by 65%. These are the results of the peasants rebelling against the soviets forced collectivization. These peasant rebellions were damaging to the economy as its effects emanates to the city
In this essay, I will evaluate the success of these programmes in their attempt to regenerate areas badly affected by urban decline. Urban decline is brought about by a number of factors including political decisions, outmigration, decline in quality of housing stock, lack of urban planning, loss of industry and an increasing concentration of low income groups. Political decisions can sometimes mean that areas are ignored for investment and therefore eventually go into decline. As areas become less desirable the skilled and wealthier population move out into more desirable areas, housing becomes of a lower quality as little money is pumped in for redevelopment. This means that the majority of people living in the area are those who cannot afford to move away.
Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital’, is an article written by Robert D. Putnam, in which he proposes that America is suffering a loss of its social capital, and this loss has had a hugely negative impact on society as a whole. Social Capital is a term used to describe the connections, networks and relations within society and the intensity of those connections. Putnam encourages the idea that as interaction within community declines so does the social capital of that community. Putnam puts forward the facts of decline in ‘civic engagements’ and the networks they produce; America had about a quarter less voters in the 1990’s than it had in 1960’s, there are declining numbers attending town meeting, PTA events, involving themselves
With the rise in suburbanization, the central city progressively experiences an economic decline as the move of wealth into outlying cities becomes more prominent. How does this affect Education in Albany? Simply, more and more individuals of higher SES are shifting into outlying Lee County. This moves decreases city wide funds through taxes which in turn means less funding for the school district and a higher poverty rate. Lee County High School as an institution has statistically out-performed every high school in Dougherty
The size of the army was decreasing at the expense of the labor market, which struck its peak at 1.6 million people. Such an immense increase greatly affected industries, which had reduced