According to Kozol, one of the main causes of homelessness in the 1980s was the vast reduction in affordable housing. Kozol explains that “gentrification,” the transformation of a low-rent neighborhood to a more prestigious one, raised rents and pushed the poor into homelessness (433). He states, “Half a million units of low-income housing are lost each year to condominium conversion as well as to arson, demolition, or abandonment” and that rent for lower-income individuals increased more than 30 percent since 1980 (433). Additionally, Kozol claims that almost half of low-income “SRO (single-room occupancy) units” were “replaced by luxury apartments and office buildings between 1970 and 1980” (435). In addition to the reduction in low-income housing, Kozol also argues that there was a severe shortage of employment positions that paid a living wage.
In fact, due to loss of industry, between 1960 and 1981, more than 1.6 million manufacturing jobs were lost in the UK. In 1994, the inner cities of Britain had an unemployment rate 50% higher than the rest of the country, indicating that urban decline is dominant in inner-city areas; the distribution of which do tend to be clearly defined. Since the 1950s there has been widespread movement of employment away from the large conurbations to smaller urban and rural areas, which has had a knock-on effect on the deterioration of the physical and social environment and furthering the economic decline, all of which are components of
There are several theories of diversity in education, however, three main theories based on historical events and problems faced by educators and learners are cultural deficit theory, cultural difference theory and cultural ecological theory (Bolima, 2010). Cultural deficit theory states that some students may perform poor in school due to their social, linguistic and cultural differences, which they have adapted from their home environment. The cultural difference theory is based on the perspective that students brought up in different cultural environments may require different learning approaches. Teachers must develop a brief understanding of the culture of their students (Lynch, 2011). The cultural ecological theory attempts to explain that some macro-ethnographic groups perform well in school, while others do not.
This meant that Islington slowly started to become a more desired place to live. The impacts on Islington however have more negatives than positives. The positives are that because middle class had moved in, the housing started to improve because it was renovated. This means that the place looks more attractive and therefore more people migrated there. Another positive is that because of new businesses within the area, it meant more jobs for the community and so it opened up more job opportunities.
This ruined the farmers of Rome which in result, they drifted to cities that helped add more unemployment to the cities. With farmers moving to the cities and the abundance of slaves, this helped keep wages low (Document 3). That caused many citizens to become poor and have less money to buy materials to help business owners make money and pay tax to the government. Lastly, Germanic/barbarian invasions are another cause of the fall of Rome. The
Socioeconomic status, cultural context and ethnicity are the three most prominent factors that impact an individual’s growth and development. Each separate component is very closely linked in our everyday lives; touching and molding who we become. Socioeconomic status (SES), also referred to as social class, plays a major role in human growth and development. SES is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person’s work experience and of an individual’s or family’s economic or social position in relation to others. SES can influence a person’s education level, quality of health care, diet, place of residence, even stress level.
Running head: EFFECTS OF WELFARE REFORM ON POSTSECONDARY 1 EDUCATION Effects of Welfare Reform on Postsecondary Education Kathleen M. Sawtell Creighton University Running head: EFFECTS OF WELFARE REFORM ON POSTSECONDARY 2 EDUCATION Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine data about the welfare reform in America that was gathered and presented by authors Jerry A. Jacobs and Sarah Winslow. Their work, "Welfare Reform and Enrollment in Postsecondary Education" was published in the 586th volume of Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science in 2003. The data that is addressed in this essay originates from a variety of sources and discusses the issue of the federal welfare reforms (specifically the
Evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline (40 marks) Urban decline is caused by many factors including the development of the suburbs, leading to migration of the upper and middle class workers but is mostly effected by de-industrialisation, resulting in big corporations leaving the region, taking skilled workers and trade with them and causing large scale unemployment. This can cause an even bigger spiral of decline as low income levels mean people can’t afford high quality housing, education or health and then investment into the area starts to leave which leaves the infrastructure to crumble and social standards start to slip. Therefore, to help encourage development in these areas, the government and the people often create schemes to help regenerate the area. One cause of urban decline is the emigration of workers out of an area usually into the suburbs in a search for a nicer environment and better quality of living. This can often lead to the abandonment of buildings which soon become overgrown and derelict.
This interpretation of “living the dream,” has begun to fade away, making “The American Dream” unattainable for many. The American Dream is fading, as higher education has left many students lost and in debt, income inequality is expanding, and economic fairness is dwindling. In today’s America, the struggle with income inequality has grown into more of an issue. Due to the struggle with income inequality, the gap between the rich and the poor is significantly expanding, causing the dream to travel further out of reach for many. In his article, “Keeping the Dream Alive,” Meacham mentions this issue in today’s economy.
This gap has led to the decreasing of education’s quality, and the inequality in residents’ income. Income inequality has put the United States in bad shape. Because of this unfairness, the rich are getting richer whereas the rest are struggling to survive. According to Robert Frank, a New York Times writer, excessive spending by the wealthy has “made it even more expensive for middle-class families to achieve basic financial goals” (Frank; 582). The squeezed society’s neglecting of investment has put both the rich and the poor in a society with low quality infrastructure.