With reference to examples, evaluate the success or otherwise of urban regeneration schemes in combating the causes and consequences of urban decline. the need for urban regeneration is present as soon as an area starts to enter the "downward spiral" of deprivation. This is the theory that there is a knock on effect which leads to the decline of an inner city area. Urban regeneration, theoretically, can be tackled by starting with any point on the downward spiral, and setting about on reversing the loop so the chain reaction is a positive one. Although urban regeneration is a worldwide issue, it has been especially present in the urban areas throughout the UK in the last 30 years, with the government introducing many different schemes to try and combat the causes and consequences of urban decline.
As indicated in the article, the reduction of marriages, babies, and divorces are indicating that these items are proving too costly to incur during this downtime. Today, more people are without jobs, therefore the scare resources are scarcer and result in the postponing of major lifestyle changes like marriage, having a baby, a private school education or buying a
A recession is the part of the business cycle which is characterised by falling levels of demand, very little investment, low business confidence and rising levels of unemployment. It is neither as long lasting nor as severe as a depression. A recession is two successive declines in quarterly gross domestic product. A recession provides extremely harsh conditions for businesses to survive in, in order to survive a recession businesses have to adopt strategies that they believe are they best way for them to see through the recession and continue to make a profit on the other side. One strategy that a business can implement is to cut costs.
According to Townsend (1979) individuals or families can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participation in the activities that are at least widely encouraged in society. This is termed relative poverty. Absolute poverty occurs when a person’s life falls below a fixed standard, experiences complete destitution and can not meet minimum needs of food and shelter (Townsend, 1979). Gender difference is a significant factor that has caused social exclusion and it could be argued that this exclusion is socially constructed. Firstly although much has improved there still is discrimination and inequalities in the labour market.
Bowling Alone: America’s Declining Social Capital’, is an article written by Robert D. Putnam, in which he proposes that America is suffering a loss of its social capital, and this loss has had a hugely negative impact on society as a whole. Social Capital is a term used to describe the connections, networks and relations within society and the intensity of those connections. Putnam encourages the idea that as interaction within community declines so does the social capital of that community. Putnam puts forward the facts of decline in ‘civic engagements’ and the networks they produce; America had about a quarter less voters in the 1990’s than it had in 1960’s, there are declining numbers attending town meeting, PTA events, involving themselves
However, when decentralisation occurs, urban centres suffer many negative impacts. Urbanisation is the process of inner city functions and powers dispersing and redistributing away out of city to more sparse areas, usually on rural-urban fringe. Manchester is a particular city that has both suffered from decentralisation, but has also been somewhat successful in its attempt to tackle this issue. During the 1950’s, shops located in the city centre tended to only sell high order goods such as furniture and jewelry, attracting customers from all around and from out of the city, whereas shops selling low order goods like food were found local to individual neighbor hoods. At the start of the 1970’s, shops began to move and spread away from the CBD to areas on the outskirts of the city.
With the rise in suburbanization, the central city progressively experiences an economic decline as the move of wealth into outlying cities becomes more prominent. How does this affect Education in Albany? Simply, more and more individuals of higher SES are shifting into outlying Lee County. This moves decreases city wide funds through taxes which in turn means less funding for the school district and a higher poverty rate. Lee County High School as an institution has statistically out-performed every high school in Dougherty
However, the 90s and the 2000s marked the decline in growth of these outer suburbs. Mendleson (2013) argues that while these suburbs have continued to grow, the growth has declined because of the decreasing allure of suburbs. The decreasing allure of outer suburbs can be attributed immigration and decreasing income levels creating less than ideal conditions for the wealthy middle
Do to the crash in the economy people who purchased homes have had to foreclose and or walked away from the house they were purchasing. Now with the banks having so many houses and builders are stuck with the empty houses they had built the supply of houses is more than the demand for them. This has had an impactful drop in demand and an increase in supply. Because of this change houses are at a low cost for the
This is a issue that is leaving many critics concerned. On the other hand, Philadelphia’s citizens have been moving out of the city and moving toward the suburbs, leaving behind the lower-class and working class people who are unable to move out. Because of the loss of revenue streams from businesses leaving the city, the city has had to cut back on developmental and allocational expenditures and focus the majority of spending on redistributive expenditures like healthcare, housing and community, and public welfare. One concern that was the most shocking was the significant drop in Philadelphia’s spending on education. How is a city expected to strive forward when the younger generation is not receiving the same caliber of education as other cities?