Unicellular Organism: Clostridium Tetani

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Bacteria are single-celled micro-organisms without a nucleus and a cellular membrane that is made up by protein-sugar molecules. They are a part of the prokaryote kingdom, which is a completely separate group. They are not animals and they are not plants, even though some of them actually show the process of photosynthesis and consequently produce their own nutrients. Most bacteria are between 1 and 10 micrometers long. Bacteria are by far the most common organisms in the world. Clostridium Tetani is an anaerobic bacterium that produces a strong toxin that can cause the serious disease in humans, which is called tetanus. The word Tetanus comes from the Greek word tetanos, which means to ‘stretch’. Arthur Nicolaier was the one who isolated the toxin of tetanus from free living in 1884. It was in 1890 where Antonie Carl and Giorgio Rattone further explained the cause of the disease for the first time. It was Kitasato Shibasaburo who later showed that the organism could produce disease when injected into animals, and that the toxin could be neutralized by specific antibodies. In 1897, Edmond Nocard showed that tetanus antitoxin induced passive immunity in humans, and could be used for treatment. Tetanus toxoid vaccine was developed by P. Descombey in 1924. Classification and Characteristics As characteristic of all bacteria, Clostridium Tetani bacteria are single-celled and do not contain any membrane-bound organelles, such as a nucleus. This bacterium is a bacillus rod-shaped gram-positive bacterium, which looks like a drumstick, racket or club. The bulb/round represent a spore, a walled-off infectious particle within the bacterium. It possess a thick cell wall made up multiple layers of peptidoglycan and one inner membrane. There are currently eleven identified strains of Clostridium Tetani and all eleven strains are known to produce an identical
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