Running Head: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective [Name of the Student] [Name of the Institution] Generalisation & Discrimination Are Characteristics of Classical Conditioning- An Evolutionary Perspective Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning also called respondent conditioning; packaging type I or Pavlovian conditioning is a concept of behaviourism proposed by Ivan Pavlov in the early twentieth century. This theory focuses on the learning achievements due to the association between stimuli of the environment and automatic reactions in the body. This notion of involuntary reaction is the main point that differentiates the operant conditioning. It is a learning theory that states that a natural, mostly innate, unconditioned reflex can be added by learning a new conditioned reflex. The assumptions and techniques of classical conditioning can also be used to treat anxiety, compulsive behaviours or anxiety-like symptoms.
The aim is to link responses and consequences that arise from the human behavior, how these behaviors relate directly to the environment that a human being is immediately placed. Applications of operant conditioning will be analyzed to bring to sense the main idea behind the theory. Introduction Operant conditioning, also referred to instrumental conditioning refers to a learning method through punishment and appraisal for a behavior. Operant conditioning enables an individual to be associated with a behavior and the consequences that come with the behavior. B.F. Skinner is the coiner of operational conditioning, this being the reason why it’s occasionally referred to as Skinnerian conditioning.
Operant Conditioning: An Overview Classical, or Pavlovian, conditioning is a process by which new emotional and glandular reactions develop in response to previously neutral stimuli in the environment. But classical conditioning doesn't explain how we develop new skills or behaviors instrumental in changing our external environments. That learning process involves what is typically referred to asinstrumental, or operant, conditioning. Operant conditioning describes how we develop behaviors that ''operate upon the environment'' to bring about behavioral consequencesin that environment. Operant conditioning applies many techniques and procedures first investigated by E. L. Thorndike (1898) but later refined and extended by B. F. Skinner (Skinner, 1938).
Erikson Application Assignment Instructions: The purpose of this assignment is to apply a major theory of psychological development to your own life. For this assignment, you will write a paper focusing on Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages in your own development. This application assignment will help your instructor and the DMACC Psychology department to assess student mastery of the two general education competencies of: 1. Understanding and demonstrating effective communication. 2.
MEMO: Griswold Industries Performance Improvement Strategy I would like to take this opportunity to highlight some of the ways in which applying organizational behavior techniques will improve the overall performance of Griswold Industries. Specific observations and experiences within my organization have given me perspectives and ideas relating to the following areas. I will highlight ways in which we can improve performance as it relates to lost time and safety violations, productivity and employee satisfaction as well as a new dynamic organizational structure given the changes recent within the organization. These will all contribute to making Griswold Industries a more successful and profitable organization through this transition. First, I would like to address our current LTIR (Lost Time Injury & Illness Rate) and the steps to improve it.
Cherry (2009), “Behaviorism is a school of thought in psychology based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment” (para 1). B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as, B.F. Skinner, was a behaviorist and studied operant conditioning. According to Cherry (2009), “Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (para 1). Skinner elaborated on Edward Thorndike’s observations that behavior was controlled by consequences of the actions.
Erik Erikson Erikson developed his psychosocial developmental theory based on the idea that cognitive and social development must develop together. Erikson believed that there are eight stages in development. During these eight stages, social tasks must occur in each stags in order for a person’s healthy development. Erik Erikson’s work I find to be true and vital. I truly believe that Erikson’s theory is based on the way children grow and develop throughout their lifetime.
(Eggen et al, 2013)In summary classical conditioning causes a person to produce an existing response to a new stimuli whereas operant conditioning allows them to learn new responses as a consequence to said stimuli (Sammons, 2009).It is possible that behavioural based learning can be enhanced by a community of practice. When people feel a part of something and acquire a sense of belonging this can create a positive environment for productivity and learning. | Classical Conditioning:Pavlov – Salivating DogHere is a YouTube link demonstrating this experiment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI(bullyingnewsvideos, 2008)Operant Conditioning:Skinner – Pecking PigeonsHere is a YouTube link of this experiment:
Measurable: Can the progress and completion of the goal be measured? You will know when you succeed. Attainable: The goal must be relatively within your grasp, yet provides an opportunity for personal growth. Realistic: Can the goal be accomplished realistically and safely? Timed: Timelines and deadlines are stated clearly and specific.
In this method of behavior modification, an operant uses a stimulus, an operant response, and a reinforcer. These three objects combined effect the chance of the behavior recurring. B.F. Skinner created the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is established on produced behavior or operant behavior; whereas, behavior provoked by a known stimulus is known as respondent behavior (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2009). The general idea behind Skinner’s operant conditioning is that when naturally occurring behavior is exhibited, positive or negative reinforcement can escalate the chances of that particular behavior to occur repeatedly.