Building on the earlier work of Thorndike, B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) began to elaborate and extend Thorndike’s ideas on learned behavior. Skinner differentiated between what he termed respondent (or reflexive) behavior, and learned (or operant) behavior. Operant behavior could be characterized by “the observable effects it has on the environment. Operant conditioning, therefore, is learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a chance in its environment (PM, n.d.).” Reinforcement and Punishment Two concepts important to an understanding of operant conditioning are reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcers and punishment are specific types of consequences.
In its place, he then went further to recommend that, we as humans ought to come across only at the external, observable causes of human behavior. Describe the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning defines as learning from which an intentional response is weakened or strengthened solely depending on its encouraging or fault-finding outcomes. Operant conditioning is one of the fundamental concepts in behavioral psychology. The guarantee or chance of a reward within itself has the ability to cause an enhance in a person’s behavior, however operant conditioning can also be used to diminish a behavior.
Operant Conditioning PSY/390 Operant Conditioning Psychology has always focused in human's behavior and learning patterns. Over the years, many psychologists have come up with many theories as to why people have different reactions to any situations. Through studies' psychologists realized that there are different kinds of learning methods that describe changes in behavior resulting from experience referred to as conditioning (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2013). Conditioning is used to describe the actual strategy used to determine a desired action. Conditioning is structure of many parts, some of the most important ones been operant conditioning, positive and negative reinforcement, and reinforcement schedule.
Rather the response to a stimulus “operates” on the environment and thus creates a different response when it affects the environment differently. (Hergenhahn & Olson, 2005). The relationship between a response and the consequent changes it produces is known as a reinforcement contingency. Skinner’s work has provided the basis for behavior analysts to understand behavior in terms of reinforcement contingencies. Reinforcers are stimuli which if made contingent on a behavior increase the probability of that behavior over time.
Comparing and Contrasting the Major Principles Associated With Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Neobehavorism Vadis Fields PSY 331 Instructor Aubra Gantt January 2, 2013 Table of Contents 1. Introduction A. Annotated Biography 2. Classical Conditioning A. The major principles associated with this theory B. The contributions of the major theorist who worked to develop each theory.
Outline and Evaluate 2 Psychological Treatments of OCD One psychological treatment of OCD is Behavioral Therapy. According to the behavioral explanation of OCD, both obsessions and compulsions have been acquired through conditioning and therefore, in order to recover, patient must unlearn these behaviours. This can happen by Exposure and Response Prevention therapy. ERP therapy aims to provide opportunities for reconditioning and consists of two components. Firstly there is exposure, and in this element, the patient is repeatedly presented with the feared stimulus until anxiety subsides, known as habituation.
Instrumental Conditioning Paper Instrumental conditioning sometimes stated as operant conditioning was developed by scientist B.F. Skinner. Instrumental conditioning one of the methods of learning were an individual adapts to the velocity and the manifestation of individual's behavior because of the relationship of the contact of a stimulus (Terry, 2009). Instrumental conditioning is different from the learning method of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning produces changes in behavior by associating a transformation in behavior with a neutral stimulus being frequently matching with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive reaction until the previously neutral stimulus alone can induce a similar reaction (Bernstein, Clarke-Stewart, Penner, Roy, & Wickens, 2000). Whereas in instrumental conditioning, should be modified based on the surrounding and preserved by the significance of the behavior of the individual.
Unit 6 Application of Behavior Analysis Case 1 Brendan Provide the rationale for the behaviorist's selection of behavior chaining to help Brendan. The rationale for the behaviorist’s selection of behavior chaining to help Brendan would be to break down his learned behaviors in steps so that each response to the steps already learned leads to the next step, “A behavior chain is a specific sequence of discrete responses, each associated with a particular stimulus condition,” (Cooper, Heron, & Heward (2007), pg 435 ). Discuss the concepts of primary and secondary reinforcement and how these work in behavior chaining. You may provide a different example to illustrate these concepts if necessary. Primary reinforcement fulfills the need of the behavior, “A stimulus change that functions as reinforcement even though the learner has had no particular learning history with it is called an unconditioned reinforce.
Answer Freud Skinner Watson Piaget Add Question Here Question 53 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Negative reinforcement is: Answer when one eliminates an unwanted behavior by administering something bad. when one decreases an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired. when one increases a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant. the same as punishment. Add Question Here Question 54 Multiple Choice 0 points Modify Remove Question Operant conditioning involves changing behavior as a result of: Answer innate processes.
UGC NET - PSYCHOLOGY PAPER II – UNIT 2 Instrumental Learning Operant conditioning - Introducation • Other names: instrumental learning or instrumental conditioning. • It is the study of how behavior is affected by its consequences. • Defn: Operant conditioning explains how voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened depending on positive or negative consequences. • In classical conditioning the original behavior is a natural biological response. • On the contrary, operant conditioning is applied on the behaviors that are voluntary.