Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning through association. This involves an animal or a human learning to associate something new with something that naturally causes a response eventually making the new thing cause the same response itself. A key example found within psychology for the process of classical conditioning would be that of Pavlov’s dog experiment. Pavlov was initially doing experiments on dogs and salivating and noticed that when the dogs heard his footsteps, they begin to salivate involuntarily. This is due to them learning to associate the sound of Pavlov’s footstep with food.
) The Behaviourist Approach Behaviorist's suggest we learn our behaviour through classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning was developed by a russian physicologist called Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936).He was investigating his dogs digestive systems. He attached the dogs to a harness and attached the dogs stomach and mouths to measure the rate os salivation. Pavlov noticed that the dogs were salvating when the labortory assistant took a bowl of food into the room before the dogs even tasted the food. Pavlov realised the dog was salvating because it had learned to associate the assistant with food.
Food at this phase is unconditioned stimulus and salivates of the dog in unconditioned response while the bell has no any effect to it. The dog stated to connect food with bell when the bell is followed by the presence of food. This was repeated frequently to make the dog to adopt the bell as the sign of getting food. Later, the dog started salivating at the bell before food presented. At this stage, the bell becomes conditioned stimulus which causes conditioned response to dog’s salivation.
Stimulus and Response Items of Pavlov's Experiment Food Unconditioned Stimulus Salivation Unconditioned Response (natural, not learned) Bell Conditioned Stimulus Salivation Conditioned Response (to bell) Other Observations Made by Pavlov · Stimulus Generalization: Once the dog has learned to salivate at the sound of the bell, it will salivate at other similar sounds. · Extinction: If you stop pairing the bell with the food, salivation will eventually cease in response to the bell. · Spontaneous Recovery: Extinguished responses
They would learn that when they heard the bell, they would get fed. Eventually, just ringing the bell made the dogs salivate. They learned to expect food at the sound of a bell. We call the food an unconditioned stimulus, and we call salivation the unconditioned response. Nobody trains a dog to salivate over some steak.
Classical Conditioning Melissa Hayes July 31, 2011 The theory of classical conditioning started with Ivan Pavlov a psychologist. Pavlov studied physiology after being a priest was something he did not like. Pavlov studied the digestive system using dogs. Pavlov led a study on the canine digestive stem by utilizing data from dog’s salivation; on these studies, he unintentionally learned that particular behaviors can be conditioned (Riskind, & Manos). Pavlov learned that some people’s reactions can come from experiences they have been threw.
Phobias of insects and spiders, crowds, enclosed spaces, and all other fears are believed to be learned and caused through classical conditioning. Ivan Pavlov is known for his famous theory and experiments on classical conditioning. Pavlov would ring a bell whenever he gave dogs their food. Eventually, the dogs became conditioned so that the sound of the bell caused them to salivate regardless of if there was dog food present (Kowalski & Weston, 2011). In this manner, people are believed
After a while, he could ring the bell and their mouths would drool, because he learned to relate the bell with the food. That shows that the dog became unconscious. That also happens to the human be like me when I smell my favorite food I feel hungry. Unconditioned Stimulus Food Unconditioned Response Salivation Conditioned stimulus Bell Conditioned Response Salivation Those were the key concepts of classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus it’s something that is naturally and automatically and the unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus.
* It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response. The Unconditioned Stimulus * The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. For example, when you smell one of your favourite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry.
After repeatedly pairing the white rat with the loud noise, Albert began to cry simply after seeing the rat. Watson was able to show that emotional responses could be learned because little Albert was startled when they expose the objects again with loud noises banging the steel bars with a hammer. Albert became frightened which explained Watson theory that fear could be conditioned in an infant. As Watson would persist the experiment over time little