Over several trails, the dog would automatically associate the bell with getting food, causing the dog to salivate when hearing the bell, without receiving any food. The dog had then learnt that the conditional response of salivating that had resulted from the conditioned stimulus of ringing the bell. Pavlov found that the two stimuli’s would have to be presented closely together in order for the dog to be taught the association. (Carolyn Aldworth et al, 2010 &
Skinner studied operant conditioning by conducting experiments using animals which he placed in a “Skinner Box” which was similar to Thorndike’s puzzle box. What is Classical Conditioning? Classical conditioning is the way we develop responses to certain stimuli that are not naturally occurring, e.g. when we touch a hot stove our reflex is to pull our hand back. It does so instinctively and no learning is involved, it is merely a survival instinct.
The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010). This increased stomach acid and salivation led Pavlov to the discovery of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). In layman terms this means that classical conditioning is associated learning or learning through experience. Pavlov’s work with dogs continued as he learned more about classical conditioning.
This theory had the concept of: •How the surrounding environment affected one’s behaviour through their response •Behaviourism is on learning. The cooperation between stimulus and response is how learning takes place •There is no fundamental difference between behaviour of humans and animals and that each of them learn through the stimulus-response method. Classical conditioning however is a principle where a stimulus which naturally does not incite a reaction or response in a person, is joined by another stimulus which does incite a reaction. They made an experiment linked to this on dogs. Generally dogs in response to a bowl of food salivated however they wanted to see if they could pair this with a bell ringing.
The theory is that people/animals are taught to be the way they are and react e.g. exceptionally emotional or overly aggressive. Classical conditioning. The classical conditioning theory was made known by Ivan Pavlov (see photo on right). He studied the behaviour of dogs using a machine installed in a special room as shown in the picture below.
Pavlov designed an investigation which was tested on dogs to investigate their digestive system. Pavlov monitored their digestive system by attaching the dogs to a harness this monitored their stomach and mouth which could measure the production of saliva. Pavlov discovered in his experiment that the dogs salivate when an assistant walks in with a bowl of food therefore without tasted the food when they look at it they begin to salivate. Food led to response of salivation, Pavlov discovered that salvation is automatic therefore it’s not learned he named this response as
The most famous example of this is thanks to Ivan Pavlov. Ivan figured out that thanks to classical conditioning a dog would begin to salivate when it was presented with food as a stimuli. He termed what he had discovered as conditional reflex. After time he found that the dog would begin to salivate in the presence of other stimulus as well. This was due to reflexes that originate from the cerebral cortex of the brain.
The experiment showed that once the dogs became accustomed to hearing a particular noise at mealtime, they began to salivate automatically whenever they heard it. The dogs would salivate when they heard the noise whether they were given food or not. This experiment showed that behaviors are reactions to stimuli. This theory also relies on the belief that positive and negative reinforcement can be used to train people and animals to behave a certain way. Behaviorists seek to discover how environmental stimuli control behavior.
Classical conditioning: this theory was established by a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). This theory is the process of reflex learning. Pavlov worked with dogs to investigate the condition and he attached monitors to the mouths and stomachs of dogs to measure the rate of salivation. Since food automatically caused salivation Pavlov called this an unconditional stimulus. After that Pavlov used bell as neutral stimulus and he starts ringing the bell at the same time
The main thrust of this perspective is that people respond and demonstrate behavior from observing people in their environment (Engler, 2008). Likewise, the model also considers other factors that allow individuals to perform according to specific functions. Specifically, the interplay of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors provide the continued human development. A key component that promotes social learning theory is the process of modeling. In particular, modeling is complemented through the application of attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation (Engler, 2008).