(Carolyn Aldworth et al, 2010 & McLeod, 2007) Since salivation was a natural response, he named this the unconditional response. Because food automatically led to the unconditional response of salivation, food was then named to unconditional stimulus. He then presented the dog with a bowl of food, and rang a bell at the same time, again the dog salivated, which then went on to be called the neutral stimulus. This was so the dog would associate the bell with receiving a bowl of food. Over several trails, the dog would automatically associate the bell with getting food, causing the dog to salivate when hearing the bell, without receiving any food.
He studied the behaviour of dogs using a machine installed in a special room as shown in the picture below. Pavlov asked an assistant to enter the room with a bowl of dog food. He noticed that the dog started to saliva before it had even touched the food. Saliva is a reflexive response which is a reaction that comes naturally. After the dog was used to the routine of the assistant entering the room with food, Pavlov asked the assistant to enter without food.
This is due to them learning to associate the sound of Pavlov’s footstep with food. Upon realising this, Pavlov decided to research this further by attempting to get the dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the food. This was done by him ringing the bell whenever the food was presented to them. Pavlov used a specific procedure by doing this which is taken from the process of classical conditioning. This was done by first noticing the unconditioned
Pavlov’s experiment involved putting meat powder in the mouths of dogs who had tubes inserted into various organs to measure bodily responses. He then discovered that the dogs began
P1: Explain the principal psychological perspectives: Introduction: For this assignment I have to describe how the theories of classical conditioning can be applied in health and social care settings that deal with challenging or modifying behaviour. Classical conditioning: This is a theory which was originally developed by Ivan Pavlov in his experiments on a dog salivating when being shown food, it was discovered when the dog had learned the arrival of the assistant meant food was coming and so the dog salivated early (before even smelling the food.) from this experiment we can understand why classical conditioning is to do with reminder, some psychologists (evolutionary) say that some of the prehistoric phobias were survival related for example associating heights or oceans of water with death therefore creating the phobia of heights and water which make you avoid them in order to avoid death. In my opinion this makes sense, in the same way that animals and prehistoric hums would have avoided brightly coloured berries as they were poisonous. www.tatic.ddmcdn.com/gif/dog-training Applying classical conditioning to the health and social care sector: Like any behaviourist theory of learning, classical conditioning helps explain certain behaviourisms and why we do specific things that we do.
Classical Conditioning Anthony Trolli PSY/390 October 10, 2011 Brian Newbury Classical Conditioning Theory of Classical conditioning: The theory of classical conditioning is a term that is often used to describe how one learns with the experiences they may have acquired through their experiences. In psychology it can be defined as a permanent change of knowledge or behavior. The one example that is best experiment with the dogs was how he trained the dogs to salivate when they heard the sound of the bell ringing, he first showed them some food which caused the salivation, after a while he would just ring the bell without bringing them food to just cause them to salivate from the sound of the bell ring. One way to define
Design This experiment was designed around a little boy named Albert B, but is however known popularly today as Little Albert. When Albert was around nine months, Watson and Rayner exposed this child to certain objects known as neutral stimuli. These include a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks and burning newspapers. When albert’s reactions were initially observed, he showed didn’t show any fear to the objects that were shown and playfully reacted to some. When Albert was exposed to the rat a second time, Watson associated a large bang with a hammer (which scared kids).
Classical conditioning is the automatic response to a previously unrelated stimulus. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist whom can be associated with classical conditioning. He found that when dogs were shown an empty food dish they produce saliva through a reflex action. The dogs salivated when given a dish of food; soon they began to associate the dish with food, and so salivated even when the dish was empty. The dogs have been classically conditioned.
The scientists then brought the animals in to see if they could transfer the fear into the child when they were presented. When Albert reached for the white rat the bar was struck, causing him to fall. The second time he reached for the white rat the bar was struck again, causing him to fall and whine. After a week has past they tested Albert
", but is known popularly today as Little Albert. Around the age of nine months, Watson and Rayner exposed the child to a series of stimuli including a white rat, a rabbit, a monkey, masks and burning newspapers and observed the boy's reactions. The boy initially showed no fear of any of the objects he was shown. The next time Albert was exposed the rat, Watson made a loud noise by hitting a metal pipe with a hammer. Naturally, the child began to cry after hearing the loud noise.