In plants, microfibers form through parallel aligned chains of Cellulose bound by hydrogen bridges formed by the hydroxyl groups of glucose. These microfibers form superimposed layers of cellulose, with other fibers running at 90 degrees in multiple layers. With this layout, the cell wall of plants is very rigid, allowing the plant to gain form and structure, whilst still having some elasticity for varying levels of plant tugor pressure. The fibers are further cross-linked by hemicellulose. The cell wall protects the cell's plasma membrane.
In young dicot stems and stems (usually the upright, vertical portion of a plant transports substances to and the leaves) that do not increase in thickness, xylem and phloem are arranged in vascular bundles in the cortex. In older stems and all woody stems, the vascular tissues form a cylinder between the cortex and the pith. The vascular bundles in a monocot are scattered throughout the stem. In vascular plants, the dominant sporophyte has two kind of well-defined conducting tissues. Xylem is specialized to conduct water and dissolved minerals, and phloem is specialized to conduct organic nutrients and hormones.
How Sweet It Is! Determining Percent Sugar ANONYMOUS Chemistry 6th Due: 3/21/12 Introduction Background Information Sugar is an import compound that is used by all complex living organisms. There are many types of sugar including glucose, fructose, and lactose. However, the type of sugar that is tested for in this lab is the common sugar used while cooking. This sugar is called sucrose.
Because the tea bag original weight was 55mg or .055g, the weight percentage recovery of this experiment was 14.7%. Introduction Caffeine composes 5% of the leaf material weight in pure tea leaves. It is classified as an alkaloid, meaning that it is a naturally occurring compound composed mainly of Nitrogen atoms and possesses the properties of an amine base. Amine bases are a common product of Nitrogen metabolism in plants. Caffeine more specifically belongs to the Xanthine family or alkaloids.
When glucose polymerises to become cellulose, water is eliminated and the structure becomes: The H and OH groups are omitted for clarity. It must noted that: for bonding to occur, alternate glucose units must be inverted as shown above; this bonding produces a very linear molecule due to the geometry of the rings and the C-O-C angles. * Biomass – material produced by living organisms, mainly it is plant material though it also includes animal excreta and algae material. Cellulose is the major component of plant biomass. * Cellulose as a source of chemicals – starch, another polymer of glucose, can be used as an alternative source for petrochemical products but there is more cellulose produced in plants than starch.
P2: Describe the characteristics of nutrients and their benefit to the body. Answer: Characteristics of nutrients and their benefit to the body are carbohydrates, starch and non-starch polysaccharides, sugar substitutes and sugar. Carbohydrates are one of the main types of food. Sugar and starch are main types of carbohydrates these carbohydrates provide energy for the body. Liver breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which the body uses for sugar.
Ionic Bond 13) Name the four main classes of biological molecules and their monomers First main class of biological molecules is carbohydrates, monomers are energy, glucose and structure. Second class is lipids, monomers high energy, storage, cell membrane, butter vegetable oil and cholesterol Third is proteins, monomers structure, enzymatic and amylase and Fourth main biological class of molecules are Nucleic acids, monomers nucleotides, hereditary code ,energy carrier, DNA and ATP 14) Briefly describe the following types of bonds: * Covalent Bond Covalent Bond is the stronger bond in nature. What happens in covalent bond is that the atoms are sharing electrons so each shell has the maximum numbers of electrons that they need. * Ionic Bond Ionic Bond does not share electrons like covalent bond it transfer the electrons to an another atom so it can reach the maximum number of electrons in the shell. * Hydrogen Bond Hydrogen Bond is the attraction between partial charges it holds the biological molecules together.
The specific substrate in this case that is acted by Aldolase B is fructose-1-phosphate. This is later converted into DHAP and glyceraldehyde. The product, once finished, will then enter the glycolysis cycle to form ATP (Hudon-Miller, 2012c). Role of Aldolase B in the Breakdown of Fructose Aldolase B is found mostly in the liver but can also be present at lower levels in the kidney and intestinal cells. It is involved in breaking down a simple sugar called fructose.
Dependent Variable. amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2. Independent Variable. amount of substrate (sucrose) present 3. Controlled Variables.
Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. The metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Unlike glucose, which is metabolized widely in the body, fructose is metabolized almost completely in the liver in humans, where it is directed toward replenishment of liver glycogen and triglyceride synthesis. [1] Fructose is a dietary monosaccharide present naturally in fruits and vegetables, either as free fructose or as part of the disaccharide sucrose, and as free monosaccharides in honey. It is also present in the form of refined sugars including granulated sugars (white crystalline table sugar, brown sugar, confectioner's sugar, and turbinado sugar), refined crystalline fructose and as high fructose corn syrups.