With special reference to the battles of Issus and Gaugamela, to what extent does Alexanders generalship deserve the praise which Arrian gives?

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With special reference to the battles of Issus and Gaugamela, to what extent does Alexander’s generalship deserve the praise which Arrian gives? Alexander III of Macedonia is one of the most celebrated military commanders to have ever lived, conquering most of the known world despite the fact he only ruled for twelve years and eight months. Arrian, a man who produced what is widely considered to be the fullest account of Alexander’s campaigns (although not without fault in the minds of some historians) known as the ‘Campaigns of Alexander’ or ‘Anabasis’, over 400 years after his death, writes: ‘In arming and equipping troops and in his military dispositions he was always masterly. Noble indeed was his power of inspiring men…..and…of sweeping away their fear by the spectacle of his own fearlessness….his ability to seize the moment for a swift blow, before his enemy had any suspicion of what was coming, was beyond praise.’ (Arrian, 7, 29) Arrian is certainly well placed to deal with Alexander’s military achievements and abilities having himself been a member of the Roman army, while he also had access to the first hand accounts of two of Alexander’s leading officers, Aristoboulus and Ptolemy. Alexander, most commonly known as ‘Alexander the Great’, such were the extent of his conquests, was also something of a mythical figure, with many people believing him to be of a divine nature (including Arrian and Alexander himself) – could this have clouded Arrian’s judgement with regards to the extent of the praise he bestows upon the subject of his study? Modern historians such as J.R. Hamilton, while appreciative of Alexander as a truly great general, are certainly not as wholly praiseworthy as Arrian. Focusing on the battles of Issus and Gaugamela, two key conflicts during the Macedonian campaign against the Persian Empire, we can perhaps determine the extent to

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