Diamond mentions on page 107 that a possible ideology that many people that knew about the processes of farming were thinking was, “Shall I spend today hoeing my garden (predictably yielding a lot of vegetables several months from now), gathering shellfish (predictably yielding a little meat today), or hunting deer (yielding possibly a lot of meat today, but more likely nothing)?” Humans and animals are always prioritizing by availability and preferability of food choices. Availability played a key role because as wild game was hunted, its numbers depleted and became harder to hunt, offering less possibility of a decent payoff. This is possibly why in central and southeastern Europe the hunter-gatherer lifestyle became less effective, thus being a less likely life
Wild beasts were tamed as work animals or kept for their meat and hides. Because their fields and flocks could supply most of their wants, a settled life in villages became possible; people were no longer compelled to move on endlessly in search of food, as their food-gathering ancestors had done for countless generations. Early peoples relied on information transmitted by word of mouth. But as cultures became increasingly
They hunted wild animals or gather edible products of naturally growing plants. On the other hand, unlike the Paleolithic, the Neolithic discovered agriculture and farmed and were able to have permanent settlements because by agriculture, they were able to farm their own food sources. The types of tools used by each society’s were different. The Nomadic people used weapons made from wood and stone tools that were not sharpened. But during the Neolithic era technology was much more advanced than in the Paleolithic era.
Animal waste products are also disposed of where the humans and other animals live. All this caused animal diseases to spread to the humans and other animals. It’s possible that the future of farming (job specialization) could have made ways to fix these issues. When Hunter-Gatherer lifestyle was still around, the Agrarians still had to
Swanson notes that intensive animal farming first started with the poultry industry and now, hog farming is following the trend. Swanson continues by saying that for centuries, animal have adapted to new environments however because of confinement the animals have issues developing themselves correctly. Swanson says that critics of factory farming argue that these practices are the cause of mass “suffering” of farm animals. But many
Squanto and the English were both affected by each other because Squanto learned several things from the English, they learned some things from them, and both benefitted. Squanto had to help the whites in the end of things. They wouldn’t have survived without someone helping them. Squanto taught the whites how to plant crops, this gave them food to eat and cook. He also taught them how to hunt.
Origins of domestication As we went through the last lectures, the one on the origins of animal domestication seemed very important to me, as I already studied it in Archaeology. Domestication is defined as the slow process which consists in animal or plant adaptation into cultivated forms through altering the behavior, size and genetics by humans. “The shift from acquiring dead animals to maintaining flocks of live animals marks the beginning of animal domestication” stated Meadow (1989:81). But, for any animals to be domesticated they have to develop a relationship with people and they must be willing to live and breed in captivity or in people’s company. Otherwise, this process can not be possible.
The use of synthetic fertilizers made plants grow and a faster pace. Then came the discovery of the vitamins and animal nutrition in the 20th century. In the late 1920’s farmers were now allowed to give their livestock vitamins. By giving the animals vitamins they no longer needed sunlight or exercise and were raised indoors in close quarters. A majority of the world’s farm animals live in miserable conditions.
They made farmland in the forest by controlled burning in a small area and cultivating crop in that area. They would move to a new area after few seasons of cultivation. This relocation helped to protect the natural habitat of that area. They didn't believe in owning the land like Europeans. They lived in a barter system where everything belonged to everyone and shared between the dwellers of that community.
Hunter-Gatherers Adapt to Environments • Early humans were hunter-gatherers - hunted animals, gathered plants for food - moved to a new location when food ran out • Depended on natural environment for shelter - lived in caves and shelters made of rocks, branches, animal skins Small Bands • Lived in small bands of about 30 people - group included several families - group size reflected how many people could live off food in region • Men hunted, fished • Women gathered nuts, berries; cared for children - children also worked Early Humans on the Move • Hunter-gatherers were nomads—people who moved from place to place • Groups returned to the same places with the changes of seasons - bands joined together at certain times of year, formed communities • Moved to new, distant lands while following animals to hunt - migration—moving from one place to settle in another Chapter 2: The Earliest Human Societies World History: Ancient Civilizations 1 Early Humans on the Move • By 15,000 B.C., hunter-gatherers had migrated through much of world - crossed land bridge between Siberia and Alaska, entering Americas • Migrating groups entered territory of other groups - groups shared knowledge, tools - sometimes caused violent conflicts if groups feared each other REVIEW QUESTION Why did hunter-gatherers move often? Chapter 2: The Earliest Human Societies World History: Ancient Civilizations 2 The Development of Tools ESSENTIAL QUESTION What were some tools