Evolution of Forensic Science and Criminology Misti Tull Everest Online CJE-1640-1m Evolution of Forensic Science and Criminology Sir Francis Galton has contributed many things on fingerprinting but the major one has been finding the method of classifying them for study. In 1892 he printed a book titled Finger Prints this book stated the statistics on the method of personal identification. (Page 8 ch 1) Mathieu Orfila is known as the father of toxicology, he is known of this because in 1814 he was the first person to print a book on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals. The book establishes forensic toxicology as a legitimate study. (Page 7 ch1) One contribution is the journal he has written is about the improved methods of scientific crime detection and this still reports today.
It depicts, at first sight, the sculpture of a head, or a bust. Visible on its forehead are numbers inscribed within lines that segment the cranium of the sculpture into multiple areas. On its base, the word PHRENOLOGY, namesake of the painting, can be read. This directly references the science of phrenology, which was founded by German physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) at the beginning of the 19th century and is today considered a pseudo-science. Phrenology was the analysis of the features of the human skull.
This essay will consider the philosophies behind the whole healing System, Naturopathy and the modality acupuncture; delving into how they began, how they have changed and how they define ‘health’ and ‘disease’. My personal views will also be discussed on health and disease. In 1900, Doctor Benedict Lust, a German physician who immigrated to America, bought the term ‘naturopathy’ from Dr. John Schell to define the diverse compilation of principles of natural healing (Thiel 2000, p.3). Lust’s intrigue in naturopathy was fueled by the treatment aim to increase the vital force (Thiel 2000, p.3). In 1902, Lust founded the American School of Naturopathy, which taught of the healing power of nature and importance of increasing the vital force (Thiel 2000, p.3).
Identify and explain the two major branches of forensic science. In 1910 the first police laboratory was established by Edmond Locard in Lyon, France. In the 1970, research was undertaken that examined the proficiency of crime laboratories in the United States in examining common types of physical evidence: bloodstains, bullets, and cartridge cases, controlled substance, lateen fingerprints, hair, glass, paint, and other type of
(Jensen 1980, p2) This essay compares whole Healing system, Naturopathy and modality, Iridology considering when and by who were they invented, how have the therapies changed over time, what philosophies do they have about healing, how do they define the terms ‘health’ and ‘ disease’ and how whole healing system and modality are similar. Hippocrates, the ancient Greek “Father of Medicine” is the first advocate of Naturopathic medicine yet the term Naturopathy was coined in 1895 by John scheel. Then Benedict Lust, the father of U.S. Naturopathy purchased the term. (Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, 2013) The Lust, a German immigrant brought Naturopathy to United States in 1902 and founded a school of Naturopathy. Before Benjamin Lust, a form of Naturopathy also can go back to 18th and 19th century.
However the term is now so closely associated with the scientific field that many dictionaries include the meaning that equates the word "forensics" with "forensic science". Forensic science is not just what you see on television shows like CSI but rather the use of actual science to help determine the answer to varied legal questions. There are many different types of forensic disciplines that are used to help police and other officials answer these questions. These include criminalistics, forensic psychology, forensic pathology and others. Criminalistics is the science used to help understand the evidence in crimes.
His first criminal insights developed in the 1860’s when he was working as a doctor in the army and the characteristics of the soldiers, however, his name came into Criminological significance with the publication of his first book, ‘The Criminal Man’ (1876). In this book he suggested from his research that criminals were biologically determined, a physical type with specific characteristics that differentiates them from others, and throwbacks to earlier forms of evolutionary life (Newburn 2007). During the period Lombroso wrote this book, Charles Darwin’s (1968) theory of evolution was a very popular concept, and Lombroso was thought to be heavily influenced by this, proposing that criminals were ‘lower down the evolutionary scale than law abiding citizens’ (Cited in Crowther 2007: 278). Before publishing ‘The Criminal Man’, Lombroso famously conducted a study on the physical and mental characteristics of 400 Italian soldiers and 90 ‘lunatics’, examining and comparing them. He concluded there were a selection of specific characteristics setting criminals apart from others and stated that they were a ‘sub-species’.
In 1866 he was appointed visiting lecturer atPavia, and later took charge of the insane asylum at Pesaro in 1871. He became professor of forensic medicine and hygiene at Turin in 1878, where he was later professor of psychiatry (1896) and criminal anthropology (1906]. He died in Turin in 1909) Cesare Lombroso holds a prominent position in the modem chronology. In fact he is considered to be the “father of modern criminology” (Mannheim, 1972: 232), During the 19th century his work gained attention as he integrated the concepts of atavism and “throwback” of criminals to an earlier stage in human evolution (Schaefer, 1969: 126). His work emphasizes on the different categories and types of criminals such as born criminals, criminaloids, and insane criminals, as well as research on female offenders.
Institute in 1863. He became professor of general chemistry at the University of Saint Petersburg in 1866. Mendeleev was a renowned teacher, and, because no good textbook in chemistry was available, he wrote the two-volume Principles of Chemistry which became a classic. During the writing of his book, Mendeleev tried to organize the elements according to their chemical properties and atomic mass. In 1869 he published his first of what became known as the periodic table, a table created to arrange the elements by their atomic number.
It seems that every year brings new ideas, but I feel that the following is a conclusive look of research compiled from the beginning of criminality to the present. I have also provided a history of criminality and how it has developed into what we now understand as forensic psychology. This field will always remain fluid with discovery, and my greatest pleasure would come from being part of it in the future. The application of psychology in the criminal and civil justice system is known as forensic psychology. Hugo Munsterberg (1863 – 1916), a German-American psychologist was the first to pioneered the application of criminal psychology in research and theories.