In the exogenous path the Epithelial, cell lining also known as the small intestines, readily takes in lipids from the food. These lipids including phospholipids, cholesterol and triglycerides, merge with apolipoprotein B-48. In their circulation via the lymphatic vessels, the nascent chylomicrons pass the liver circulation and draining through the thoracic duct and into the bloodstream follows. In the bloodstream, High Density Lipid particles donate apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein C-II to the nascent chylomicron that is now mature. Through apolipoprotein C-II, the mature chylomicrons activate lipoprotein lipase (LPL).
Small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse in and out of the cells through the phospholipid bilayer; ions and glucose molecules enter and leave the cell via the channel proteins. Waste products such as nitrogenous compounds are carried to the kidneys and are excreted in the form of urine. Antidiuretic hormone, (ADH), is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland. It is carried by the plasma to the kidney and stimulate the occurrence of water reabsorption. When the body is dehydrated, ADH is released, causing the collecting ducts to become more permeable.
At the introduction to the duodenum, alpha amylase is secreted by the pancreas and further breaks down the carbohydrates into primary simple sugars. Then they are transported and absorbed by the small intestine via the villi on the epithelial lining of the lumen of the small intestine. The epithelium absorbs these simple saccharides (such as dextrin and maltose). These sugars, in their simplest forms (as glucose, fructose, or galactose), will enter the capillaries where they enter the blood stream via different transporters such as the GLUT transporter (a facilitative sugar transporter)(7). Fructose and galactose will enter the liver via the hepatic portal system where they are broken down to glucose.
INTRODUCTION Respiration is the sequence that results in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the bodys cells. Nerve impulses stimulate the breathing process which moves air through a series of passages in and out of the lungs. Then external respiration takes places this is where an exchange of gases between the lungs and blood take place. Then internal respiration is where the gases exchange between the blood and tissue cells. Then the final step of respiration occurs, this is where the cells utilise the oxygen for what the body requires them to do, this is known as cellular respiration.
The Trachea continues to divide inside the lungs forming narrower tubes called the Bronchioles. In each end of these Bronchioles are groups of alveoli (air sacs). It is in the Alveoli where gas exchange actually occurs. Oxygen can either enter through the nose or in the mouth. When we inhale, the oxygen enters through our nose or mouth then it gathers it in the Pharynx (throat) then it is passed down in the trachea then it flows down your bronchioles and finally down the alveoli.
Blood Glucose A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. Glucose comes from carbohydrate foods. It is the main source of energy used by the body. Insulin is a hormone that helps your body's cells use the glucose. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and released into the blood when the amount of glucose in the blood rises.
Energy is gained from food via Respiration. The process of Respiration is mostly aerobic, a chemical reaction where by glucose made from carbohydrates obtained from food passes though the digestive system into the blood and is converted into carbon dioxide and water. These are then breathed out during exhalation. This is one of the ways that living things Excrete. The last attribute that is common to all living things is sense.
Carbohydrate is the universal energy cell. Carbohydrate breakdown, glycogen serves as a source of glucose for your cells, your tissues, including your brain and muscles use glucose as a source of energy to support metabolic functioning. When your body requires glucose your liver and muscle breakdown their glycogen stores releasing glucose. Some glucose may be used directly in your liver and muscles while other glucose is released into your blood stream and used throughout body. Lipid break down, your body can breakdown triglycerides as a source of energy.
GAS EXCHANGE- Gas exchange is the transferring process of oxygen from the lungs to our bloodstream, and getting rid of carbon dioxide within the bloodstream to the lungs and out of our body. Gas exchange occurs within the alveoli which are tiny air sacs located at the end of each bronchiole. WHY DO WE NEED A LARGE SURFACE AREA FOR GAS EXCHANGE TO OCCUR WITHIN THE ALVEOLI? In general, a large surface area increases the rate of diffusion. Therefore, the purpose of the large surface area the alveoli have is to increase the rate at which oxygen is diffused.
Breathing gives us the ability to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Getting oxygen to the blood depends on this exchange of gases in the respiratory system. The process starts in the Nasal Passages by air entering from the nostrils leading to the nasal passages. Located behind the nose is the nasal cavity, comprises the nasal passages that play an important part in the respiratory system. The nasal cavity is responsible for conditioning the air that is received by the nose.