Defining “Science” In order to label a certain theory or philosophy as “scientific”, certain criteria must be met to deem it so. To call a subject a science based solely on the fact that it involves observation would be absurd, however there are those who believe in “sciences” that lie entirely on this principle of observation. In order to distinguish the difference between a pseudo-science and science, there must be specific guidelines that determine the difference between the two. The difficulty in determining whether a discipline is a science or non-science is known as the problem of demarcation, and in solving this problem of demarcation lies the framework for labeling a study a science – the criterion of demarcation, as made famous by Karl Popper. This demarcating of science is a definite way to distinguish the difference between true science and pseudo-science.
It must be scientifically tested by the peers and the peers must also review it. 4. In its decision in Daubert v. Marrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., who did the U.S. Supreme Court charge with ensuring that an expert’s testimony rests on a reliable foundation and is relevant to the case? Frye set the standards for,” Admitting scientific testimony in a federal trial.” (Daubert v. Marrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc.) 5. What is the main difference between the testimony given by an expert witness and that given by a lay witness?
However there are other types of evidence collection apart from that of questioning, which falls under the title of non-interrogatory forms of evidence such as surveillance and scientific evidence. This essay explores the use of surveillance and the scientific method an its contribution to criminal detection and deterrence but argues that to the dismay of many this form of evidence is seen as problematic, as the use of personal information gathered from Scientific Evidence (DNA or Fingerprints) and Surveillance may lead to a conflict between the targets of the government/police and the liberties of civilians. The gathering of personal information has the potential to undermine privacy and limit the freedom of the individual, especially if the powers of the police are misused. With this in mind, Sanders and Young (2007:123) argue, ‘the power themselves generally decide what powers they will exercise and when. This is crime control approach.’ Ericson (1994) even argues that ‘crime control [has been] displaced by surveillance’ allowing him to define criminal justice as ‘a system co-ordinated by knowledge, communication and surveillance mechanisms’.
How can not knowing the proper terminology affect you as you conduct criminal justice research? If there is a misunderstanding of previous research, the results could reflect on an officers daily duties; such as, incident reports, investigations, negotiations, interviews, and interrogations. Researchese is a language of research that includes concepts and variables to represent operationalization and hypotheses in research. * If common terminology is not understood completely, it would be difficult to understand data collection regardless of how it was collected. To both understand research and conduct new research is it vital that each person involved understands the terminology associated with research and research techniques.
This leaves the possibility that one of the test subjects not included in the sample could prove the conclusion to be incorrect. In other words, induction involves moving “from premises about objects we have examined to a conclusion about objects we haven’t examined” (Okasha, 2002, p. 19). From this statement it is apparent how induction can be a problem in science due to it’s potential to lead to a false conclusion. Another problem with induction in scientific reasoning is that induction only generalizes what has already occurred. It classifies patterns that have already happened and deems them to be true even though future occurrences may be uncertain.
It also restricts or prohibits the use of certain evidence in sexual offense cases. Conclusion It is important to know the terminology of research in criminal justice because you will have to read reports and if you do not understand what is being written you cannot effectively do your job. Effective research can assist with opening or closing of cases. Using incorrect terms or incorrect information in research can be harmful to the outcome of the question or situation at hand. The credibility of evidence relies often on the handlers, examiners, experts and presenters.
Civil Liberties is one's freedom to exercise one's rights as guaranteed under the laws of the country. There are many ways in which the Supreme Court is good at protecting civil liberties and others that show they aren’t. I will be looking at the different ways to try and seek an answer as to whether the Supreme Court is effective at protecting civil liberties. The Supreme Court is a complicated organisation. It is different in many ways from the other branches of government, but there are still similarities and the same factors that affect all three branches equally.
The only way that researchers can possibly tell whether or not a witness is telling the truth or not are deception cues. These are behavioural, paralinguistic, physiological and the content of the statement (Vrij 2000). Body language can also say a great deal about a person. Some say that a simple glance to the left when a person is speaking is an indication that they are lying. The amount a person sweats and their communication skills are other signals that a person is telling a lie.
Wrongful convictions are the result of the court system admitting insufficient evidence into court. The court system has many ways to help reduce or eliminate the causes of wrongful convictions. The court system can help reduce or eliminate these causes of wrongful convictions by first identifying why wrongful convictions occur. Wrongful convictions occur primarily due to eye-witness misidentification, false confessions, improper forensic science, government misconduct, informants, and bad attorneys (University, 2009). Ways to reduce or eliminate the cause of wrongful convictions by eye-witness misidentification by put into operation the following procedures that have been shown to reduce the amount of wrongful convictions through the use of eye-witness identification.
Psychology Qualitative research collects information that is not in numerical form. For example, diary accounts, open-ended questionnaires, unstructured interviews and unstructured observations. Qualitative data is usually descriptive data and is harder to analyze than quantitative data. Qualitative research is useful for studies at the individual level and to find out the ways in which people think or feel. (Example case studies) Analysis of qualitative data is difficult and requires accurate description of participant responses, also data and great care must be taken when doing so, for example; looking for symptoms of mental illness.