DBQ 6: Enlightenment Thinkers and Their Impact on European Rulers The Age of Enlightenment was a time where cultural and intellectual ideas from Western Europe brought reason, analysis, and individualism to the rest of Europe and replaced former traditional authority. The Age of Enlightenment was most frequently known as the Age of Reason because it reformed society from the authority of the church to a society of science and skepticism. The Enlightenment philosophy was promoted by local enlightenment thinkers that stressed liberty, freedom from the church’s authority, and worked to abolish serfdom. A number of the Enlightenment philosophers influenced society by publishing texts. New ideas and beliefs spread through Europe and worldwide and marked a change from only having religious texts to also providing intellectual texts.
Two examples of the widespread influence of the Second Great Awakening are the creation of utopian societies and the temperance movement. During the Awakening utopian societies appeared throughout the country. These reformers sought a idealistic world, free from all social evils. Some of these societies wanted an alternative to a world they considered immoral or wanted to reject the middle-class ideals of family. Conversions to faiths like the Shakers peaked during the Second Great Awakening.
Malcolm once expressed to King’s wife an interest in joining the nonviolent movement. He also explained how he believed that he was doing King a favor by attacking him more than helping him in public because it would make whites choose one or the other and he knew that almost all would side with the more peaceful solution. Malcolm experienced this unexpected change in heart after he returned from his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1964. One thing that may have facilitated that was Malcolm’s being suspended from the Nation of Islam by Elijah Muhammad. “Malcolm was determined to follow a course that paralleled King’s - that is, to combine religious leadership and political action” meaning that he knew King’s methods were effective.
In addition, religion formed strong spiritual bonds among the people as well (Craig 297). Political leadership also played part in the unification of the Islamic peoples, and played part in the government system over Islamic territory and conquered territories, setting up political ideals such as “little bloodshed destruction, or disruption in conquest; adoption of existing administrative systems with minimal changes…appointment of capable governors (Craig 298). Political administration within the Islamic empire played a major part in keeping peace and prosperity in the growing empire, thus making it a significant factor in the expansion of the Islamic empire from
was very poorly regarded. On the other hand, during the formation of Islam, the Qur’an in around 620-650 C.E. explains an opposing view on merchants. Unlike the Book of Matthew, it states that if a merchant is honest in his trade, he will rank with the martyrs of faith (Doc. 2).
This boosts the individual’s self-esteem and promotes community cohesion. Mirza supports this view with her research on identity amongst young Muslims. She demonstrates how the later generations of young Muslims have created a strong identity within Islam as a form of cultural defence against British foreign policy. Muslims saw British foreign policies at the beginning of the 21st century, such as the Iraq and Afghanistan invasions, as anti-Islamic. To defend themselves against these Western ideas they reasserted the defence of their culture and religion.
The Duties of the Caliphs were well organized and up front which Helped Islam become strong and well established (Doc E). The duties of these leaders were to define the meaning of faith, serve as a judge, guard the lands of Islam, and to wage war on anyone who misjudged the faith or did not believe. Many people who had been under control from the Byzantines and Persians saw this as a new way out and took it, After the battle at al-Yarmuk the Byzantine followers decided that they liked the Islam rule better than their own and decided to switch religions because of this new political
They believed that they are “God’s chosen people”, called by God to build a “city on the hill” in the newfound land. Therefore convinced by the fact that they were on a divine mission to America, the puritans concluded that they needed to convert the uncivilized Native American people to Christianity in order to fulfill their mission. The relative equity of the puritans I believe had stemmed largely from optimistic expectations of the Indians religious and social conversion.
Charlemagne or Charles the great, Carolingian monarch. He was a very strong element in unifying Western Europe through the blessing of the church. Charlemagne Grandfather had partnership with the church during his period of time; he was the one who started the process to bring Western Europe together, in the belief that everyone should be Christian. Charlemagne father, Pepin the short contiutued this process thought the Western Europe and passed his beliefs on to Charlemagne. All three Carolingian monarchs wanted the church to reform, wanted to reorganize the church under the pope; all this would help raise their power as the Carolingian dynasty.
In other words, it was the geopolitical situation that “justified” the western powers to win the “hearts and minds” of the world and to gain potential allies and keeping strategic ones. Through setting up governments and policies to suit their tastes, the western powers (largely the US) will gain client states throughout strategic regions in order to create more buffers against the communist bloc. And for the countries of the south, modernization theory was then the ideological basis of promising a better future4a- but, of course- only to the newly ruling classes that were accumulating westernization for their own benefits, and that of their own