The findings show that after 3 seconds the participants were able to recall 80% of trigrams. As the time progressed, the participants were unable to recall as many trigrams. After 18 seconds, fewer than 10% of the trigrams were recalled correctly. In conclusion, trigrams may not be relevant to everyday life; neither do they reflect everyday memory. It was possible that interference from other trigrams caused the poor recall.
But since when was obesity easy to live with? I'm aware that in the modern day, most youngsters get things handed to them: the latest game console; a new hair straightener; a pet dog. Unfortunately, we do not simply get handed great GCSE and A-level grades. They are not presented to us in a pretty package simply because we did nothing. No, the education system has because increasingly tougher and an average B grade student doesn't get a lot of credit or acknowledgement.
Around 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of Information (Miller, 1956) can be stored in the short term store (also know as short term memory). It is encoded primarily in a phonological format (by its sound) and remains there for around 12-30 seconds without being rehearsed. Where the information is rehearsed it can remain there for as long as it is being rehearsed, but it will stop any new information entering the store. Transfer from the short term store to the long term store is achieved by a process called elaborative rehearsal. New information that enters the short term store displaces (pushes out) any information that is already there, meaning that information that is not rehearsed and passed to the long term store is forgotten.
KF showed very poor digit span (usually less than 2 items), but good performance on tasks that seemed to indicate an intact long-term store. For example, he was still able to store new information. In fact he could learn a 10 word sequence in fewer trials than normal controls and still retained seven of the 10 items some months later. The multi-store model predicts that this should not be possible since an intact STM is required to transfer information to LTM. We have enormous amounts of information in LTM even though we have probably not rehearsed much of it.
The research by Sperling demonstrated that we can access more than 9 bits of information if we try and access them quickly enough from sensory memory but if this is left longer than 1 second this access fades away. Research by Miller demonstrates that short term memory operates as a limited capacity store by demonstrating that it can only hold between 5 and 9 bits of information before becoming overloaded resulting in information being displaced. Petersen and Petersen (1959) demonstrated that short term memory has a limited time span of around 20 seconds and without rehearsal the information soon fades. Furthermore, support for the existence of separate short term and long term memory stores comes from serial position effect experiments carried out by Glanzer and Cunitz (1966). They found that participants recalled more words from the beginning (the primacy effect) and the end of a list of words (the recency effect).
The long term memory stores unlimited amount of information for a lifetime through semantic encoding. However, it may be forgotten because memory traces can decay, ‘new’ information which causes confusion and interferes with the old information or particular cues within the environment are not available causing retrieval failure. Many investigations/ experiments/ case studies have been undertaken to test the Multi-store memory model. This essay will give both the strengths and weaknesses of the MSMM. Peterson and Peterson investigated the duration of the Short Term Memory in 1959.
This difference was observed 40 days after the death and in some participants, still continued after six months. This supports the idea that stress may affect the immune system as they lymphocyte activity was significantly lower, meaning that the immune system has less defence, later resulting in illness. This study however is not completely reliable as it does not consider other factors to do with bereavement which can lower the immune system. These factors can include eating less, sleeping less, economic issues. Therefore, cannot be used singularly as each person will have a different experience and their body will work in different ways under these circumstances.
They found that participants remembered about 90% when there was only a second interval; but this dropped to 2% when an 18 second interval was emplaced. Thus concluding verbal repetition prevents rehearsal of items being stored in STM decay quickly, so items last approximately 10 seconds in STM without rehearsal. One research conducted by Bahrick et al in America demonstrated the considerable duration of LTM by asking people of various ages to put names to faces from their high school year book. 48 years on people were about 70% accurate. There was a free recall test, photo recognition test and name recognition test.
Article 2 The Missing “Soft Skills” for Project Controls Singh, Rohit. ACCE International Transactions(2005): DE11 – DE12 This article is about “The Missing “Soft Skills” for Project Controls”. According to Singh, Rohit(2005) a lot of project management and control programs provide the necessary management and technical skills but miss the important soft skills. Soft Skills are invaluable but are missed. These soft skills are: Basic Skills: Because of our educational system, most of us have not improved our reading skills further than college level.
Evaluate two models of memory with reference to research studies (22 marks) The following essay aims to make an appraisal of two models of memory whilst weighing up the strengths and limitations of each. Memory is defined to be the mental process of encoding, storing and retrieving information. Memory undergoes a series of stages in order to store its information. First the encoding process: incoming information is organized and transformed so it can be entered into memory. Secondly storage process: involves entering and maintaining information in memory for a period of time and last of all retrieval process: involves recovering stored information from memory so it can be used.