Instrumental conditioning, is when behavior is reinforced and is dependent on his or her behavior (Olson & Hergenahn, 2013). Classical conditioning, is when an unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned response and visa-versa many times, which changes behavior. Instrumental and classical cognition both can change one’s behavior, but classical conditioning helps in forming a behavior that more conductive to survival, and instrumental conditioning helps in learning to avoid certain situations, events, or effects. Cognitive expectancy is an important factor in instrumental and classical
Stress comes from any situation in which we feel frustrated, angry or anxious. Anxiety, on the other hand, comes from apprehension or fear. Stress and Anxiety, in a nutshell, stem from our bodies reaction to fear or change. Those who suffer from stress can understand their condition and find resolution in the mediums of therapy or changing certain aspects to their daily lives. Anxiety on the other hand is not something that can be treated easily as there is the potential to have larger psychological or physicals reasons for its manifestation.
In order to understand these contributions to anxiety disorders one must be aware of how we define the factors that may contribute to anxiety such as Faulty Cognitions, in which the individual reveals habits that make them susceptible to fear. Individuals who suffer from a social phobia appear to intensify signs of danger and obsessively worry about different situations, so one must be able to relearn their thinking patterns (Huffman, Karen. pg. 502). Another contribution to anxiety disorders includes Maladaptive Learning, in which learning theorists say that they are the result from maladaptive conditioning and social learning.
Although we are capable of making our choices: These choices can be influenced by external forces i.e friends, family, media and religious beliefs. They have an impact on our personal beliefs and idea’s and can alter someone’s perception on things. People often lack knowledge on how food, alcohol and drugs will affect them. They often develop a psychological dependence on such things believing it is helping them. Habitual patterns are formed and this can have a huge impact on their health both physical and mental.
It can be more daunting and self-esteem crushing that a person has the possibility of losing their ability to function independently as a result of an illness that affects their mind. A person’s psychological well-being all depends on how they adapt and accept the diagnosis, disabilities and the implications that come with Multiple Sclerosis. They must also think about the possibility of psychological impairment as a result of
Cognitive Restructuring Often, the student with EBD can experience cognitive distortions that place unrealistic demands on them and others, resulting in anxiety, depression, and anger from unrealistic fears. They can minimize or maximize situations and be reacting to experiences, or perceived experiences that are not really happening, due to past experiences. It is how they perceive the current situation due to experiencing their old emotions from past similar experiences. Violent behaviors can result, but students can be educated to recognize these unrealistic thoughts. Approaches such as a rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) can teach the student how to discern cognitively the new experiences from the old experience in order to be
Distressed/Stressed Learner and Poverty/Homelessness/Hunger Stress is part of our lives that impact our daily life. Stress can increase the chance of sicknesses that will also affect our health. This affects our minds in our thinking and will generate physiological problems. There are many effects because of stress, and it certainly affects our ability to learn. There are current issues in the education field that are a problem and concern.
These principles relate to things such as experience, interpretation, prior learning, motivation, consequences and diversity. The first principle is: “The specific experiences that people have affect what they know and what they can do”. Both definitions of learning state that learning is due to experience. People will learn from their experiences in places such as school, work, and home, and the lessons they have learned will affect future learning. The second principle is: “Peoples interpretations of their experiences influence the specific things they learn from those experiences”.
They observe the response individuals make to different situations or different conditions. Like behaviorist, cognitivists believe the environment has an impact upon a learner and what happens in one’s life. Lastly, they both hold that our experiences impact the way we learn. In conclusion, these two schools of psychology clearly have their differences and similarities. Behaviorism and cognitivism in my opinion are one of the most important schools of
Lack of stress, termed as ‘distress’ can cause lack of motivation and boredom, which can have a negative effect on life and can lead to many other problems such as alcohol or drug abuse. On the other hand too much stress can have a bad impact on a person’s health, leading to headaches, high blood pressure it can also affect the immune system and in extreme cases possibly stroke and heart disease. Anxiety caused from stress can make a person feel irritable and angry, or they may become subdued this may lead to negative relationships at home or at work. It is thought that too much stress can easily lead to depression which can then have an impact on the way a person perceives stressful situations, thus having more stress to cope with In primary appraisal it is said that our first reaction is