Learning is through operant, classical or instrumental conditioning. Behaviourists view instrumental and operant conditioning as having a slight difference on the constructs they observe for each of these. Cognitivists view learning as through classical conditioning, operant (instrumental) conditioning or observational learning. Ivan Pavlov a Russian psychologist studied classical conditioning, which is a valid means of learning to both groups. In his classic studies Pavlov rang a bell each time before giving his dogs food and eventually the dogs were conditioned to salivate when they heard the bell in expectancy of food.
Classic conditioning is learning by association for example stimulus such as ringing of the bell at lunch time provoked a conditional response so we associated the bell to food. Operant conditioning- patterns of behaviour can be stimulated through positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment. Skinner Skinner carried out experiments on rats and later known as ‘Skinner box’. This box was fitted with a bar in the inside and allowed the rat to press the bar every time the rat pressed the bar the rat would be presented with a food pellet, and the pressing of the bar was recorded. The rat learnt that by pressing the bar the food would appear and began to press it to get fed.
After many trials of pairing, with the light or the bell, with the food, eventually the dogs began to associate being feed with the stimuli if the light or the bell. Upon making the association with the light or bell with the food, the dogs would then begin to salivate when the light turned on or when the bell was rung. The dogs had been conditioned to salivate at the sight of the light being turned on, or at the sound of a bell being rung. Pavlov’s discovery of conditioned reflexes led to the modern day theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning considers stimuli and response: unconditioned stimuli, unconditioned response, conditioned stimuli, and conditioned
This Behavioural Model classifies three different learning processes: classical conditioning - learning through association, operant conditioning - learning through reinforcement and the social learning theory - learning through observing and imitating others. Behaviour that is learnt through any of these three processes can be either maladaptive or adaptive. Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning which involves associating conditioned and unconditioned stimuli by pairing them together. Pavlov first demonstrated the use of classical conditioning in 1927 with the example of a dog’s salivation reflex. While taking accurate measurements from the dog about how much it was salivating; Pavlov noticed that the dog would salivate at the sight of food as well as tasting it.
Enter Henry Harlow, a psychologist who feels that his peers are going about childhood development in backwards or ineffective ways. Coming to the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1930, Harlow was surrounded by research conducted on white lab rats. Feeling like rats were not giving the proper results, Harlow hypothesized that primates would yield the best results as they are closer mentally to man than a simple rat. Collecting new born Rhesus monkeys, Harlow and his colleagues separated them and left the infant primates in cages with a small cloth diaper. Changing the diaper once daily for sanitary reasons, the monkeys would be bothered by the separation between themselves and the diaper.
P1-explaining the basic psychological approaches Behaviourist One of the best-known aspects of behavioural learning theory is classical conditioning. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex. In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to food. By associating the neutral stimulus with the environmental stimulus (the presentation of food), the sound of the tone alone could produce the salivation response.
Parents undermined that spanking is a form of abuse. This is not only physical abuse, but also mental abuse. What parent’s don’t realize is that spanking contradicts the values they try to instill on their children. Instead of using the method of spanking parents that cause damage to children, parents should really consider some alternative ways. Better and healthier ways of remanding a child is talk to them, and if that doesn’t work you can resort to punishing them.
This observation lead Pavlov on to the belief that the dog learnt that at the sight of a stimulus it meant food, therefore it had “learnt” Dogs would normally salivate at the smell of food this is known as “unconditioned reflex” continuing with his experiments he found that by using other stimulus in this case a bell he could condition the dog to salivate on its sound even to the extent of the dog salivating at the sound of the bell though there was no food, “Classical Conditioning”. The bell known as the “unconditioned stimulus” and the dog salivating to its sound lead Pavlov on to label this response; “condition response”. Out of Pavlov theory grew the understanding
There will also be more organic or biological processes looked at such as cognitive processes. Behaviourism is a strands of theory generally derived by two people Pavlov and his earlier writings on conditioned reflexes and Skinner who’s work consisted of operant conditioning (Hogg, A. Vaughan, C:2005 p21). One of Pavlov’s most famous theories is the experiment dogs involving their saliva production around the time of feeding, this is conditioning at it’s most basic level, as it involves dogs not humans results can have their limitations. However, he found that the dogs started to produce saliva at feeding time, which he called an unconditioned response. But, he also noticed that when the person who usually fed them was present they started to produce saliva.
The History Teacher, on the other hand, changes to a tone where we realize that the teachers methods are incorrect. We are shown that despite being kept from the worlds violent truths, the children still know of violence and bullying. Although it was not much, the little dialogue the poems had both had the effect of sugar coating the truth in order to misguide the children to a false conception of reality. “Who cooks for you?”, as stated in The Barred Owl, uses the actual sound the owl made and personifies it in order to help the child cope with the fear it caused. In The History Teacher, the line “How far is it from here to Madrid?”