Acute inflammation is a rapid response to an injurious agent that serves to deliver mediators of host defense—leukocytes and plasma proteins—to the site of injury. Acute inflammation has three major components: alterations in vascular caliber that lead to an increase in blood flow; structural changes in the microvasculature that permit plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation; and emigration of the leukocytes from the microcirculation, their accumulation in the focus of injury, and their activation to eliminate the offending
Abstract A major part of the endocrine system consists of the pituitary gland also known as the Master gland because is controls many body functions. This gland secretes many different hormones into the bloodstream to target organs and is controlled by the hypothalamus. There are two parts to the pituitary gland; one is called the anterior lobe, and the other is the posterior lobe. The pituitary gland has many important function in body growth, metabolism, child birth and many others. If a problem arises within the pituitary gland, or hypothalamus, disorders and tumors may occur.
Worldwide, the number of cases is down by 80%. B and T lymphocytes interact as they are both attacking the same antigen. Helper T cells (see below) stimulate B cells and T cells to clone. The mechanisms that allow interaction between B and T lymphocytes The T lymphocytes that help B lymphocytes are called helper T cells (Th cells). If a B cell has an antigen on its surface, there is a risk that a T cell will recognise the antigen and attack it together with the B cell.
White blood cells or leukocytes, are a part of the immune system and help our bodies fight infection. They circulate in the blood so that they can be transported to an area where an infection has developed. In a normal adult body there are 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood. When the number of white blood cells in your blood increases, this is a sign of an infection somewhere in your body. Most white blood cells (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes) are formed in the bone marrow.
2. Discuss the safe management of sharps and why is it an important part of our nursing practice. Sharps can potentially be contaminated with many different types of microorganisms and blood borne viruses’ e.g. Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), and Hepatitis B and C. Therefore all sharps unless their origin is known, should be treated as contaminated. Extreme care must be taken in the management and disposal of sharps waste.
Infectious diseases pose a threat to humans all over the world, and create serious if not fatal consequences for many individuals. A common method for the transmission of infectious diseases is arthropod vectors. The arthropods carry the pathogen from one host to another. Arthropods may affect human health either directly by bites, stings, or infestation of tissues, or indirectly through disease transmission (Martin, et al., 2012). The most significant mode of vector-borne disease transmission is by biological transmission by blood-feeding arthropods.
The principles of infection prevention and control WQ1. As employees we have a duty for prevention and control of infection. Infection can cause suffering, illness and distress to everyone around. The cost of care for those suffering infection is huge. The use of antibiotics can cause the infection to become resistant so it is better the try and prevent infections.
Outline and evaluate research into the relationship between the immune system and stress-relates illnesses (12 marks) The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are part of this defence system. There are two basic types of these germ-fighting cells; phagocytes, which chew up invading germs and lymphocytes, which allow the body to remember and recognize previous invaders. Long term suppression of the immune system leaves the body vulnerable to disease and infection. For this reason it is said that stress weakens the immune system.
The chromosomal loci identified in psoriasis are the PSOR I-VIII. PSOR I (HLA-CW6 allele) is the major susceptibility gene for psoriasis. Drugs, skin trauma, stress, and infection are important triggers of the disease (Menter, 2008). T-cells produce interferon gamma and interleukins (6, 12, 15, 17, 22 and 23) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) after they are activated (McCance, 2010). Inflammation of the lesions set up keratinocytes that originate in the basal layer to hyperproliferate and continue the disease activity (Menter, 2008).
When I am having these negative emotions, I would be unable to have relax myself therefore my stress increases causing my immune system to weaken. Before elaborating on how the immune system responds to stress, I would firstly define what is immune system and how is it build up. Immune system is our body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps which is called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease. It is made up of a net of cells, tissues and organs.