E.g. of antibiotic Penicillin G Damage the cell membrane: causes the cell to take up too much water and lyse by increasing the permeability of the cell membrane. E.g. of antibiotic is Polymyxin B Interfere with protein synthesis: prevents the productions of protein in the invading bacterial cells. E.g.
Common symptoms are acral necrosis of the extremities (such as the toes, fingers, lips and tip of the nose), high fever, nausea, vomiting, and breathing difficulty. Left untreated, Yersinia pestis can multiply rapidly in the bloodstream, possibly causing septicemic plague or even creep towards the lungs causing pneumonic plague. In order to diagnose bubonic plague, testing in the laboratory is required. Identification of the bacterium Yersinia pestis culture in a sample of serum from a patient’s blood is used for confirmation of the
Author: Jake Date: 12/09/2010 Introduction This essay includes my findings from research on the disease, and explains the signs, symptoms, causes, cures and prevention of the pathogen Cholera. The Bacterium Cholera is a severe bacterial infection caused by the bacterium “Vibrio cholerae”, the most common symptoms of the infection are diarrhoea ,vomiting and muscle cramps, this can lead to rapid dehydration and sometimes death. You can transmit Cholera by water that is contaminated with infected faeces; and also transmit it due to poor food hygiene1. Cholera kills an estimated 120,000 people a year2. If the bacteria enter the small intestine, they use their flagella to propel themselves through the lining of the intestinal wall, they produce a toxic protein.
The lymph vessels collect fluid, called lymph from the body tissues and return it to the blood, maintaining the fluid balance within the body. Lymph filters through the lymph nodes, which are packed with white blood cells known as lymphocytes. These are produced in the bone marrow, spleen and thymus, and they help to protect the body against infections. Spleen: This is the largest lymphatic organ. It is located on the left side of the body just above the kidney.
5. A-The white blood cell described is a Lymphocyte. The function is to mediate immune responses. This includes the production of antibodies and attacking viruses, cancer cells, and other infectious microbes. B- The white
People with type B blood however have B antigens and anti-A antibodies. When the type A person receives a transfusion from the type B person, the anti-B antibodies will attack the incoming B antigen laced blood cells, marking it for removal by the rest of the immune system. If an Rh− person receives mismatched blood that is, Rh+, shortly after the transfusion his or her immune system becomes sensitized and begins producing antibodies anti-Rh+ antibodies against the foreign blood
The Ethical Issues of Using Monoclonal Antibodies and Vaccines There is a great variety of diseases that causes illness and death to human. So, we have usage of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Antibodies are produced by B cells when the body is invaded by non-self material. Each antigen of the material will induce a different B cell to multiply and clone it self as to promote the most efficient way to kill the antigen. When a single type of antibody can be isolated and cloned, these antibodies are known as monoclonal antibodies.
You will find little lymphatic routs in your neck; armpits, abdomen, and groin, where you will find them swell in the event of being sick (Patlak 20). (Fig. 1) The lymphatic system not only has to do with lymph nodes, it also has to do with mucous membranes in your respiratory, digestive track, and skin. Lymphocytes also flow through the blood making the cancer also a blood type. NHL can be classed in three different categories.
Lupus Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that can damage any part of the body. Chronic means the signs and symptoms go wrong with your immune system, which is part of the body that fights off virus, bacteria, and germs. Lupus is also a disease of flares, (the symptoms worsen and you fill ill) and remissions (the symptoms improve and you feel better). The immune system goes into overdrive and can’t tell difference between some of the body’s normal, healthy cells and germs that can cause infection. So the immune system responds by making antibodies that attack the body’s normal cells.
– Antigen ( ANTIbody-GENerating substance – It may be part of a pathogen or even a toxic molecule – E.G. – The glyco-protein spikes on the surface of the influenza virus act as antigens, triggering the immune response. The venom of poisonous snakes also contains antigens. • Explain why organ transplants trigger an immune response: – All an individual’s cells are recognised by the immune system as belonging to the body – the body recognises it as ‘self’ – Any other substances are recognised as ‘non-self’ – foreign. – A transplanted organ contains substances which the immune system recognises as being foreign.