It was used mainly for telephone lines in the beginning of its life. Copper cabling comes in many forms such as coaxial, CAT5e, CAT6, UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair), and STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) to just name a few. A couple of drawbacks to copper wiring would be that is susceptible to EMI from outside forces and also has a higher rate of corrosion over time by oxidation. The copper wire has very limited bandwidth. It was designed to provide 3,000Hz bandwidth, perfectly adequate for a voice signal.
This is used when you need to run cable through an area that has a lot of Electromagnetic Interference. This type of cable is more expensive than UTP cable. The last type of copper cable is Coaxial Cable. Coax is used mostly for HDTV, Satellite, and cable modems. Fiber Optic cabling is the other type of cabling solution we talked about.
Airwave: Police Radio System- Airwave radio is a police used system. This type of digital radio is the latest model of radio meaning it's a better device than analogue devices. This radio runs full coverage on the service provider 02 network at 380-400 MHz meaning personal can be anywhere around the country/world and be contacted. All forces, including England, wales and Scotland use Airwave as their radio system and the cost of this is £2.9 Billion. The system is encrypted and cannot be picked up on scanners meaning no one can tap into the network i.e.
Fiber can also carry over a longer distance with low attenuation. They can range from 300 meters to 40 kilometers. Fiber cables also give more security; it doesn’t radiate signals and is very hard to tap. A couple of disadvantages would be the cost of the fiber optic wire and the weight. One of the biggest disadvantages is not being able to make connections as easy as the copper.
A numerical aperture (NA) mismatch occurs when the NA of one optical fiber is different from the NA of the other optical fiber. If the NA of the transmitting fiber is larger than the NA of the receiving optical fiber, a loss may occur. However, a loss will not occur if the NA of the transmitting optical fiber is less than the NA receiving optical fiber. NA mismatch loss is typically only a concern with multimode optical fiber. To avoid this mismatch make sure you are using the proper lengths of cable, accounting for the
The bulbs create less heat during use, which can lead to lower cooling costs and its green friendly, decreases amount of energy used by 5%. Laser Transmitter Laser transmitter have a much smaller and tighter light input and can be easily coupled to single mode fibers, this makes the laser transmitter perfect for longer distances and high speed links. Laser has a high bandwidth capability some are used up to 10GHz or 10Gbps this makes Laser transmitters more expensive. Laser Transmitters have a narrow spectral output that suffers very little chromatic dispersion. Laser Transmitters avoid interference because the frequencies between the lasers have narrow beams that are less likely to have significant side lobes that could introduce interference.
This could lead to poor communication or, in extreme cases, loss of wireless communication altogether. In some buildings getting consistent coverage can be difficult, leading to 'black spots' where no signal is available. For example, in structures built using steel reinforcing materials, you may find it difficult to pick up the radio frequencies used. Wireless transmission can be slower and less efficient than 'wired' networks. In larger wireless networks the 'backbone' network will usually be wired rather than wireless.
Already in place, can be very cheap to use | Coaxial | Television cable | Must run cable to all locations, can carry much higher speeds than Telco. Is a little more expensive to run. Needs boosters at specific distances | Fiber-optic | Glass cables with POP’s at specific distances | Uses a customized infrastructure to run dedicated connections: this is a costly option | Electric power lines | Power lines. They are everywhere and the infrastructure is already there | This type of media can be used with Broadband over Power Lines (BPL), making use of the extensive infrastructure in place already | Table 7-2 WAN Wireless Media Media | Summary | Satellite | Not very fast, has a delay of about 1 second, very costly to use. Uses a star topology | Imax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) | This has 75Mbps speeds and can transmit for distances up to 30 miles.
The disadvantages of using a mobile phone is that battery could die or cell reception may be low causing loss of communication. The audience for this is informal people because it is used for quick communication
There have more than 10% discrepancy. Q. 2. Divide the amplitude of current measured by the oscilloscope by √ and compare it with the measured value. Answer: Here given, Im = 2.53 mA Dividing Amplitude of voltage Im by √2, 2.53 √2 = 1.8 Comment: Both values were not matching.