Aristotle’s Prime mover: A) Explain Aristotle`s concept of a Prime Mover [21] Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who lived around the time of 384 BC – 322 BC. He was a student of Plato’s; however, there are differences in their beliefs. He was also tutor of the Ruler of Macedon‘s son Alexander; who later became Alexander the Great, one of the most successful commanders in history. Along with Socrates and Plato, Aristotle was a major influence on western philosophy as it is today. One of the key differences between Plato and Aristotle’s philosophies are beliefs about the ‘creation of a form.’ Plato believed in a demiurge – a figure that shaped a form from matter that already existed, so not in itself a creator, but a force that molded a form into shape.
Philosophy in the Real World-Philosophers Kant and Nietzsche Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche are two admirable philosophers from different times with many contributions to philosophy. The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the key concepts and analyses that comprised each of these philosophers theories, identify and, describe each philosophers contributions to philosophy, describe how the culture and the time period each lived in influenced their ideas, and compare and contract these philosophers thoughts with that of their predecessors. After reading this paper we hope that a deeper understanding of both Kant and Nietzsche is acquired. Kant provided many great theories to philosophy, one of Kant’s key concepts to the idealist philosophy was on time and space has been noted as his best theory. The idea that time and space are merely conditions of our own animalistic instincts combined with intuition and life experiences opens the door to explore ideas of why humans seem to be in such a rush.
An American Journal Article Review: “Deciphering Memory: John Adams and the Authorship of the Declaration of Independence” The article began with John Adams, who was portrayed as a man of principle and integrity, recalling a particular event where he appointed Thomas Jefferson to write the Declaration of Independence and the latter who seemingly denied the whole incident ever happened. The dominant purpose of this article seems to be to convince the readers that science, specifically cognitive psychology, can explain why both parties gave conflicting memories of the event. Robert E McGlone claims that there are new advancements in psychology that can be used to further explore the nature of a memory. To begin with, McGlone contested Dumas Malone’s 1948 writings, which implied that “if Adams’s recall of detail was suspect, his memory of essentials is correct”. He reasoned that “commonsense resolution of the matter alone cannot resolve the issue”.
HUM 2249-46B Successes of the Enlightenment The Enlightenment was the time period in which the many cultural and social changes occurred due to the many thoughtful processes of reason and analysis. Not only that, but it promoted the scientific method, challenged ideas grounded in tradition, faith or superstition, and advocated the restructuring of governments and social institutions based on reason. Enlightenment philosophy also stressed that liberty and equality were natural human rights. Along with this, a unique twist of individualism rather than the traditional ways of thinking could be well-associated with the Age of Enlightenment. As a result, Jefferson, Montesquieu, Locke, and other members of the founding generation were deeply influenced by this 18th-century European intellectual movement.
Edmund Husserl’s Idea of Going Back to the Things in Themselves I. Introduction: The main problem of this work is to laid down the ideas of what Husserl really meant of zu den sachen slebst. This paper will also see the difference of Husserl’s method in knowing things compared to the methods or to the process in knowing of other philosophers just like of Aristotle and Descartes to name a few. Basically, the researcher will try to follow the idea on how Husserl finds the way of going back to the things in themselves. The researcher considers that it can only be done by more focusing on the method to which Husserl asserted in knowing the essence of things.
Hume used the inductive method, which goes from the particular to the universal. Hume believes that knowledge is likely. Descartes believed in the existence of innate ideas in man, undeniable truths and safe, but Hume denies, since for him the human mind at birth is like a blank book in which you type through the experience (Spicker, 2000). Rationalism is a philosophical theory which originates in the thought of Descartes (1596-1650, French philosopher). Do not forget either that rationalism did not involve the overcoming of religious thought; on the contrary, the notion of God was very important in the rationalist philosophical systems (Joachim, 2006).
Calvin also built a university in Geneva in 1559 that prepared young scholars for the ministry or civil service. His educational ideas eventually spread to Germany, France, the Netherlands, and England. Perhaps the most influential philosopher and theorist of the Renaissance was John Locke. Locke’s contributions began with his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding published in 1690. In this work, Locke contradicts the theory of innate ideas and put forth the concept of the human mind as being a “tabula rasa” or blank slate where it is void of any ideas.
The Mind-Body Problem The mind body problem has been a major concern of metaphysicians especially since the rise of modern philosophy, in the seventeenth century. The problem has arisen as the result of certain views of the French philosopher Renè Descartes, known especially for his epistemological theory ''Cogito ergo sum'', I think therefore I am. Basically the problem involves answering the questions'' What is the fundamental nature of mind and body and how are mind and body related. Our scientific knowledge seem to suggest that the physical world is inanimate, almost purposeless, but yet determined in the order of events within it. On the other hand, the mental world involves consciousness and planning.
THINKER: MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT The Enlightenment and its implications have been heavily debated for centuries. The ideas of thinkers such as Moses Mendelssohn and Immanuel Kant, who have each attempted to discuss and define the Enlightenment, each give insight into what it truly is. Mendelssohn concluded that Enlightenment is a process of reason and Kant believed that it was “man’s release from his self incurred immaturity” and boldly proclaimed that it is to “have the courage to know”. Mary Wollstonecraft, another Enlightenment thinker and debater, had some key ideas regarding her understanding of the Enlightenment and how it could rapture the past and change the future for the better. Wollstonecraft was an advocate for women’s rights and through this we can see that “modern feminism in the English-speaking world begins with Mary Wollstonecraft’s bold appeals for women’s inclusion in public life overwhelmingly dominated by men”.
Despite living a few hundred years prior to the birth of Rousseau, Hobbes was able to put the evil of the world in perspective. Thomas Hobbes was a part of the beginning of modern philosophy which began during the 17th century. Many of the renowned philosophers of this time period were John Locke, the father of classical Liberalism, Sir Isaac Newton, who specialized in several fields and made the great discovery of gravity, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who wrote The Principles, and Galileo Galilei, who has been called "father of modern observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", and the "father of science". Thomas Hobbes made his mark in philosophical history by writing the Leviathan, his greatest work that