UDP-Glucose Glycogen The glycogen synthase promotes the transfer of the glucose residue from UDP-glucose to a nonreducing end of a glycogen molecule of at least 8 glucose residues Branching enzyme will add the residues of glucose to the reducing end of glycogen. The biggest part of the glycogen is storage in the liver. A little part is storage also in muscles. Starting at a central glycogenin molecule, glycogen chains of 12 to 14 glucose residues extend in tiers. There are 12 tiers in a mature glycogen particle.
(Swann, 2008) The pancreas also makes amylase (alpha amylase) to hydrolyse dietary starch into disaccharides and which are converted by other enzymes to glucose to supply the body with energy. Hypothesis: Most enzymes are very specific for a certain substrate. The active site on the enzyme molecule forms a keyhole into which the substrate fits like a key. The substrate molecule is then broken up into many smaller pieces. “The higher the reaction temperature, the more kinetic
Introduction This report discusses an experiment to asses the chemical breakdown of starch into maltose (sugar) in the presence of the enzyme amylase, a digestive process within the body. Nutrients can be absorbed only when broken down to their monomers (small molecules that breakdown further to other molecules). Enzymes are large protein molecules produced by body cells. “They are biological catalysts, meaning they increase the role of a chemical reaction without themselves becoming part of the product. Digestive enzymes are hydrolytic enzymes.
How are these electron carriers reoxidized in anaerobic bacteria? How are these electron carriers reoxidized in aerobic bacteria? 3. (24 points) Aerobic eukaryotic organisms use the unique abilities of mitochondria to extract further energy from glucose (and other nutrients). a) The citric acid cycle completes the degradation of glucose.
Since enzymes can be used again and again, they are effective even at low concentrations. Each enzyme is highly specific; that is, it catalyzes only a single chemical reaction or small group of related reactions. An enzyme can distinguish its substrate from even closely related isomers. For example, the enzyme maltase will catalyze the breakdown of the disaccharide maltose into its two glucose subunits. However, the disaccharides sucrose and lactose are unaffected by maltase.
Kathryn Watkins AP Biology Practice Essay-Biochemistry A. Salivary amylase is an enzyme found in the saliva that begins the chemical process of digestion. Salivary amylase’s primary purpose is to catalyze the breakdown of large glucose polymers known as starch into individual glucose units that are further broken and converted into carbon dioxide and water. Without this enzyme acting as a catalyst to digestion, this process would occur very slowly. Many different factors affect the speed of this process such as the temperature, pH, the number of amylase genes, and the natural amount of time that varies in each individual person’s breakdown of such molecules. B. Graph C. Since each students times varied, we have to consider
Complex carbohydrates, found in pasta or cereal, for example, are long chains of sugar molecules that are broken down by enzymes to simple sugars, such as glucose. Sucrose, or table sugar, is also broken down to form glucose. Because carbohydrates and sucrose in food are broken down to form glucose, the level of glucose in your blood goes up after you eat. Like most of the chemicals in your blood, the level of glucose must be tightly controlled. The level of glucose in your blood is controlled by insulin, a hormone made in the pancreas.
Lactic Acid Fermentation can only produce 2 ATP (as in alcoholic fermentation) but ethanol is not produced. Lactic acid is toxic to cells, which means anaerobic respiration can only occur for short
Internal Assessment To test how temperature affects the rate of enzyme activity in the liver? Name: Chandre Putter Grade: 11 Words: 2380 Design Section Research Question/Aim How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme activity in the liver? Introduction Enzymes are ‘globular proteins that work as catalysts’ (1), meaning they speed up chemical reactions (metabolic reactions) without having to be altered. Enzymes are made by living cells and also speed up biochemical reactions. Living creatures produce thousands of enzymes, and the reason for this is because; ‘most enzymes only catalyze one biochemical reaction’ (1), and many different enzymes are need to do this.
At the introduction to the duodenum, alpha amylase is secreted by the pancreas and further breaks down the carbohydrates into primary simple sugars. Then they are transported and absorbed by the small intestine via the villi on the epithelial lining of the lumen of the small intestine. The epithelium absorbs these simple saccharides (such as dextrin and maltose). These sugars, in their simplest forms (as glucose, fructose, or galactose), will enter the capillaries where they enter the blood stream via different transporters such as the GLUT transporter (a facilitative sugar transporter)(7). Fructose and galactose will enter the liver via the hepatic portal system where they are broken down to glucose.