Equilibrium and Feedback

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Explain the nature of equilibria. A steady-state equilibrium should be understood as the common property of most open systems in nature. A static equilibrium, in which there is no change, should be appreciated as a condition to which natural systems can be compared. (Since there is disagreement in the literature regarding the definition of dynamic equilibrium, this term should be avoided.) Students should appreciate, however, that some systems may undergo long‑term changes to their equilibrium while retaining an integrity to the system (for example, succession). The relative stability of an equilibrium—the tendency of the system to return to that original equilibrium following disturbance, rather than adopting a new one— should also be understood. Most environmental systems show signs of equilibrium, meaning a state of balance between the system and its surrounding environment. A steady state equilibrium is a common property of most open systems in nature. In a system in steady state the balance between inflow and output of energy is constant over time, and there is no net change in storage within the system through time. When steady state equilibrium applies to a stable open system, it is possible to maintain steady state under changing conditions provided that the system can adjust quickly enough to the change (which is often promoted by external factors, like climate change). Adjustment involves negative feedback mechanisms that automatically create new internal distributions of energy and material within the system. A steady state equilibrium is a common feature of open systems. A static equilibrium, in which there is no change, is a condition to which natural systems can be compared. Some systems may undergo long-term changes to their equilibrium while retaining integrity in the system (e.g. succession). Many systems show this type of

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