An alternate name for Complex Q is Ubiquinone. The importance of CoQ is that not only does it accept electrons from NADH dehydrogenase complex (A.K.A Complex 1) but it can also accept electrons from Complex 2 (A.K.A succinate dehydrogenase). Succinate is one of the intermediate products in the citric acid cycle. Succinate dehydrogenase acts on succinate to create fumarate in the citric acid cycle. In the
Purines however are made of a six-sided ring joined to a five-sided ring. These rings are joined with hydrogen bonds and the bases in this group are adenine and guanine. This means that to make a base pairing a pyrimidine must bond with a purine. There are different numbers of bonds between the four bases, when adenine and thymine are joined there are only two hydrogen bonds, but when cytosine and guanine join there are three hydrogen bonds. Original DNA model by Watson and Crick.
I have chosen to investigate the most common type of DNA profiling, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The first part of the process is called restriction digest. Firstly the DNA is broken into pieces using an enzyme called Hinfl. This enzyme, which comes from the bacteria Haemophilus influenza, is able to recognise and break DNA whenever a sequence of GANTC appears. GANTC stands for the bases that are found in DNA (Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine and Thymine).
Electron deficient transition metal cations are strong Lewis acids. You will have the opportunity to synthesize one of two possible coordination complexes in this experiment. One molecule is named hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride. Its formula is written [Co(NH3)6]Cl3. The other molecule is named pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride.
In forming covalent bonds where the octet rule is obeyed, sulfur usually forms ________ bonds and chlorine usually forms ________ bonds. A) one; one B) two; two C) one; two D) two; one E) six; seven 6. The number of valence electrons in the acetic acid molecule (CH3CO2H) is ________. A) 0 B) 8 C) 16 D) 24 E) 32 7. A molecule in which the central atom forms three single bonds and has one lone pair is said to have a ________ shape.
The structure of these proteins is decided by the side R-group found on the combination of amino acids. Primary structure consists of a polypeptide chain of amino acids. To make a
All nucleic acids have two distinctive ends: the 5’ (5-prime) and 3’ (3-prime) ends, which refers to the carbons on the sugar. For both DNA and RNA, the 5' end bears a phosphate, and the 3' end a hydroxyl group. Nucleic acids are synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction. The following diagram represents the general structure of part of a DNA molecule showing its bond type and organisation: Cellular respiration: Aerobic respiration involves a catabolic reaction in which the larger molecules (nucleic acids) are reduced to smaller units (nucleotides) and this occurs in glycolysis. The covalent bonds (high energy bonds) between nucleotides create energy when broken and mostly occur in the cytoplasm.
| | | A) | endoplastic reticulum | | | B) | microtubules | | | C) | cytoplasm | | | D) | mitochondria | | | | | | Feedback: The cell's chemical processes take place in a semifluid material called the cytoplasm. This material provides an ideal environment for organelles because of its fluidity. | | 7 CORRECT | | This shows an example of endoplasmic reticulum. What is the significance of its structure? | | | A) | provides a location for DNA production | | | B) | helps decrease surface area | | | C) | allows selective permeability of cell membrane | | | D) | facilitates breakdown of chemical bonds | | | | | | Feedback: The pleats and folds of the endoplasmic reticulum provides a large surface area where cellular functions, such as breaking chemical bonds, can take place.
Structural Isomerism Structural isomers are atoms which are organised in different steps. The structural isomers tend to have the same atoms. There are types of structural isomers for example there is chain isomers which will occur only because the chances of the carbon chains which have a branch. For example butane C4H10 will consist of two isomers, there is a chain which is unbranched in the four carbon atom which is called butane. There is another branch which has three carbon atoms.
Substituents are molecules attached to the parent carbon chain. In both ketones and aldehydes, you must determine the identity and location of any substituents and add the information to the front of the parent chain name. For example, a parent chain is five carbons long, giving it the name of pentanol. A methyl group is present on carbon 3. The correct IUPAC name would be 3-methylpentanol, not methyl-3pentanol or methylpentanol-3.