After each film the participants were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe the accident and then answer a series of specific questions about it. There was one critical. This question was ‘About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other?’ One group of participants were given this question. The other five groups were given the verbs smashed, collided, bumped or contacted in place of the word hit. The mean speed estimate was calculated for each group.
The Experiment The experiment involved a teacher and a learner (an actor) in separate rooms with the learner strapped into a chair and wired into a generator. The teacher would then ask a number of questions related to memory recall via a microphone. If the learner answered incorrectly an electric shock was administered, by the teacher via, an elaborate apparatus. Although the teacher believed the shocks to be real they were in fact simulated. These simulated shocks were of an increasing scale, from 15v through to 450v and the more the learner answered incorrectly the higher the voltage.
The teacher was told that the object of the experiment was to study the effects of punishment on learning. They are also told that their role in the experiment was to read word lists to the learner and the learner must remember the second word from a list of word pairs they had read earlier. If the learner got the answer wrong, then the teacher was told to administer shocks, for each answer that the learner got wrong, and the shocks had to increase in intensity. The teacher is unaware of the fact that the learner is actually an actor, and receives no shock. The experiments, involving the Undergrad students from Yale, resulted in 60
INTRODUCTION I spoke about the Monster Study of 1939, which was carried out by Dr Wendell Johnson and his assistant Mary Tudor, a graduate at Iowa University. RECAP To recap, Johnson and Tudor recruited 22 orphans, 11 stutterers and 11 non stutterers to prove the theory that ‘Stuttering is in the ears of the listener and not the mouth of the child’. I concluded by informing you most of the subjects from the experimental group, the group who received negative therapy, were affected long term, and to various degrees. MAIN BODY To this end, there was a need for the implementation of ethics in psychological research. So the question then, is why?
It was concluded that people look to those with more knowledge for guidance in the desire to be right, this is informational social influence. Asch (1951) aimed to study the effects of social pressure on people’s willingness to conform. He used a line experiment on American male students as a form of an unambiguous task, all but one of the men were confederates and had decided prior to the experiment wrong answers to the test in an attempt to sway the naive participants answer. After 18 trials of asking them to choose the line the same length of the original line, it was found that 75% of people conformed at least once, and many often did more than that. There was evidence of both normative and informational social influence in this trial as some participants admitted to conforming without truly believing the confederates in order to avoid being made fun of, though some actually began to believe the false answers.
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed (Bill of Rights, U.S. Constitution, 1791). This is true now as it was when the Constitution was written because the government has seen fit to “right size” the military, cutting troop levels drastically, but still having the same mission and workload. With mandatory service of two years, conscripts will learn the basics of soldiering and have the necessary skills to fight effectively, and if called back to service, refresher training will cost less and take less time than training someone with no military training. A common argument against conscription is that today’s overseas missions require professional soldiers. Let us remember that in World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, most combat soldiers had only six months of training before being sent to war.
TMA01: Summarising and interpreting a table Average Level of shock at which 'teachers' refused to continue (Volts) Percentage of 'teachers' using maximum voltage Predictions made by: Psychiatrists 123 0 College students 140 0 Experimental Results: Original study 368 65 Ordinary man gives orders 224 20 Two experimenters give contradictory instructions 75 0 Adapted from Milgram, S (1974) Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View, London, Tavistock. The above table shows the average level of shock administered and the percentage of ‘teachers’ that used the maximum voltage, including the predictions made and eventual results. Most notably is the discrepancy between the predictions made and the experimental results. Psychiatrists predicted that the average shock at which the participant would refuse would be 123 volts, the results showed that this figure was actually 368 volts, more than twice what was predicted. This
study on the facts about weapon focus. This was a laboratory experiment aimed to provide support for the ‘weapon focus’ effect when witnessing a crime. The study consisted of 36 students from the University of Washington, aged 18-31. Half were recruited through an advertisement and paid $3.50 whereas the rest were psychology students who participated in exchange for extra credit. For the experiment two sets of 35mm slides were shown for 1.5 seconds.
(Orwell 3) The first interaction I had with Winston Smith was at Two Minutes Hate. The crowd, along with me, were in a frenzy but when I looked over, Winston had a look of disgust of in his eyes. As a precautionary measure, I am going to carefully analyze Winston’s past recordings from his telescreen and monitor them in the future. April 27, 1984 After further digging on Winston, a few things have begun to alarm me. It is not Winston’s physical attributes that concern me; it is his intellect and body language.
One of the earliest studies done by Johannes Lange found that MZ twins showed a much higher degree of concordance for criminal behaviour than DZ twins. But, as said above, it was questioned as to whether the twins were either DZ or MZ, so the data here is