Outline and evaluate research into the effect of misleading information on the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Loftus and Palmer conducted a laboratory experiment. Forty-five American students were shown slides of a car accidents and then asked questions that would be asked as if they were being eyewitnesses. They were asked one specific question in five different ways to different groups of the participants, which was ‘about how fast was the car going when they; smashed, hit, bumped, collided and contacted. They found that the estimated speed was effected by the verb used in the question; smashed had the highest speed while contacted had the lowest speed.
The present study aims to replicate the 1972 study by Loftus and Palmer. The aim of Loftus and Palmers study was to find out if there are factors that can mislead and affect memory. They tried to find out if misleading questions had any effect on peoples memories when they are provided with post-event misinformation. 45 students from the University of Washington took part of this study. These participants were shown seven videos of car crashes that were approximately four to thirty seconds long.
In Road Rage, Ferguson points out that in a recent survey that the Coalition for Consumer Health and Safety did, 64% of the people mentioned that they are driving less mannerly and more recklessly than they did about five years ago (553). We all know that road rage can be cause due to many reasons like stress at work and problems at home. Ferguson also points out that road rage could be solve if we had more police and tougher punishments (556), but we all know that won’t really help. I don’t even think that therapy for those road rage individuals would help. We all just have to pray every time we get into a car and just have patience.
If you were a juror, what would you say to the other jurors about the reliability of eyewitness testimony? One of the ways is to try and do maintenance rehearsal of the images you saw. If you can keep repeating the images of the crime over and over it should get stored longer. You can also try chunking information about the crime that you think would be important to the police. Also since seeing a crime it could be considered a major event and should get stored in the episodic memory of the long term memory.
There are four functions of the CPS and these consist of them deciding what offences should be charged, reviewing cases to check for sufficient evidence for case to proceed, being responsible for cases passed to them from the police and finally conducting the prosecution of cases in the Magistrates and Crown Courts. However not all these functions were executed to a sufficient enough standard and there were criticisms present in the CPS’ roles and functions. The main criticism included the sheer amount of cases that were discontinued. The CPS was responsible for 38% of cases that were dropped in 2004. This caused delays which consequently resulted in taxpayers paying over £173 million with £24 million being attributed to the CPS.
Keeley Gillespie Section B Essay Loftus and Palmer (1974) – Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction In the study by Loftus and Palmer, the participants were tested to see whether information supplied after an event changed the way that they recalled the details of it, or whether they recalled details to fit a schema of a previous event. The results of the study were then put into context of a car crash witness, to test if having witness testimonies to prosecute somebody for the crash that occurred are reliable sources of information, or whether the accuracy of what the human mind can recall should be used as a primary source of evidence. The whole study carried out by Loftus and Palmer included 2 different experiments to test whether it was just short term memory that leading questions affected, or whether long term memory was also affected by this factor too. Experiment 1 was the most useful in gathering the important information about how people’s minds worked, and helped Loftus and Palmer reach a conclusion about this information. In experiment 1, Loftus and Palmer gathered 45 participants from Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The PP’s were shown 7 short film clips from safety films for driver education of traffic collisions. They were then asked to write an account of what they had just seen and asked to answer some specific question and the critical question which was about the speed of the vehicles in the collision. The critical question was: 'About how fast were the cars going when they ***** each other?' The 5 conditions in experiment 1 were: Condition 1: Smashed Condition 2: Collided Condition 3: Bumped Condition 4: Hit Condition 5: Contacted The dependant variable were the speed estimates given by the PP's. In experiment 2 the PP's viewed a short film clip of a multiple car accident and were questioned about it.
Lin Article Critique Part III Whitney Barber Liberty University December 9, 2012 EVALUATING ANALYSIS AND RESULTS When an author reports percentages, it is also important for the underlying number of cases fir each percentage to be reported as well (Pyrczak, 2008). It can be considered misleading if all numbers are not reported. In the beginning of this study, there were forty participants. At the end, there were only fourteen leaving seven in each group. The four-month follow up consisted of only six from the experimental group and four from the controlled group.
They did this using 45 students. The students were shown seven clips of different traffic accidents and after each clip, they were given a questionnaire that asked them to describe the accident and then it asked them a series of question. One of these question was a critical question which asked them, "How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?". To determine the effect of misleading questions, one group was asked the above question and the other groups were asked the same question but with slightly different wording. Instead of using the word hit, Loftus and palmer replaced it with bumped, smashed, contacted and collided.
Fires set to the property of another or to one's own property may be for an improper purpose, such as to collect insurance compensation. (Arson, 2009)It is a known fact that when comparing Canada with our neighbour to the south, crime rates in both countries have followed the same sort trend in the last few decades. According to stats Canada, since 1990, Canada has recorded slightly higher rates of property crime, although the rates have gradually been converging during the late 1990s. Canada has higher reported rates than the United States for breaking and entering, motor vehicle theft and arson. (Crime Comparisions Canada vs U.S, 2001)It is recorded that Canada's arson rate of 45 per 100,000 population in 2000 was 41% higher than the American rate.