One nerve cord runs to the right leg and one nerve cord runs to the left leg. 4. Suppose in a living frog the spinal nerve extending to the leg muscle were cut. What ability would the frog lose? Why?
He said we all need conditional positive regard from our parents, and if we did not receive this is can lead to psychological problems in our future. Humanistic psychologists try to understand behaviour from the actor themselves rather than relying on observations. Behaviourists take the phenomenological perspective, this means that they take an objective unbiased view about something, and they go about studies scientifically. The humanistic approach looks at subjective experiences people have and analyse them from their point of view. All humanistic studies are conducted unscientifically.
Carl Jung therapy for personality that gives an important role to the unconscious which he goes beyond of scientific fact his theory is based upon the mystic world. This is the opposite cognitive behavior theory is based upon the theory of organizing oneself. CBT development started to developed with the behavioral the individual during the year’s 1920 Cognitive Behavior therapy (CBT) have multiple selection the most common one are cognitive therapy, Rational Behavior, multimodal behavior and Behavior therapy. Jung considers that the most motivating personality developments occurred during adulthood. Meichenbaum’s (1977) had state within the learning theory outline clients cognition are clear and understandable behaviors that can be modified in their own rights.
These views are expressed in his two key works, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (published in 1995) and Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime 1919-1924 (published in 1994). Pipe’s believes that Lenin was primarily responsible for the success of the uprising, even though Pipe’s recognizes Lenin’s role as the most important, he still hypocritically called Lenin’s April Theses “totally out of touch with reality, if not positively mad” despite the fact that this theses played a huge role in the Lenin and Bolshevik uprising. Pipe’s also believes that Trotsky just carried out Lenin’s commands. However the role or Trotsky and his actions before the October revolution were very evidently done on his own accord, with Lenin accompanying Trotsky in his decisions. In early October, 1917, Trotsky was elected
Most psychologists today agree that the concept of mind and body have merit. But, more important is to provide empirical evidence to confirm the relationship between mind and body (The History of Psychology, 2006). The Beginnings of Modern Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650), a French mathematician and philosopher, took up the viewpoint that introspection and reflection are investigatory methods superior to observation. Descartes revived the Platonic ideas of mind-body dualism and innate (versus acquired) knowledge. He said that what separates humans from animals is that humans have a non-material, spiritual mind and a material body.
Watson (1878-1958). Watson was responsible for developing the behaviorism school of thought. Behaviorism is a school of psychology that deals with observable behavior and ignores the subjective aspects of human activity involved. Watson was amazed with the work of Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936). Pavlov was a Russian physiologist, who studied conditioning.
However determinism take an opposite view to this; hard determinism is the theory that everything in the universe, including all human actions and choices has a cause which proceeds it. So whatever we do, we could never have done otherwise, whether we feel we have a choice or not. Soft determinism, on the other hand is a view that although the main events and decisions in our lives are determined, we can choose our own path as autonomous individuals to get there. Hard determinists would agree that ethical statements are merely the result of social conditioning as they believe that everything is determined by a cause. In this case, the cause would be social conditioning – Baroch Spinoza said that although we may think that we are free, we are not, we are merely aware of our actions.
Person centred therapy has many devoted followers along with many critics. In general the behaviourists are the critics. They believe at an elementary level that human personality is inborn, whereas Rogers and person centred therapy works on the premise that human personality is learned. It follows then that the person centred therapy approach considers that individuals generate their own behaviour internally and thus have the internal resources to amend and improve this behaviour. Whereas the key critics, think that a person’s behaviour is a set of responses to external stimuli and is best understood by looking at each aspect as a separate element, rather than holistically as a whole person therapy.
The most significant difference of Adler’s belief from Freud’s premises was his belief that it was crucial to view the human being as a whole, not as conglomeration of mechanism or drives. “Individual Personality” was based on the idea of the indivisibility of the personality. In contrast to most psychological thinking of the time, Adler believed that, fundamentally, humans are self determined. Adler also believed that people have control over their lives and make the choices that shape them. Adler wrote that “individual psychology” breaks through the theory of determine, no experience is a cause of success or failure.
On the other hand, the school of freedom or free will believe that the behavior of humans is unpredictable on the basis of precedents but it is a choice of an individual. He can choose to behave and act the way he wants to do such action. Therefore, free will hold the individual responsible for his or her action and behavior. Now, the theory of free will is subjective in its nature and, thus, rejects the scientific explanation of the behavior. The history is full of philosophers who are advocates of determinism, but the freewill school of thought has also been a subject of argument in the history.