Pavlov/Skinner: Classical Conditioning * Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviourism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. * Behaviourism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behaviour and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behaviour. * It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning that had a major influence on the school of thought in psychology known as behaviorism. Discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus. Behaviorism is based on the assumption that learning occurs through interactions with the environment. Two other assumptions of this theory are that the environment shapes behavior and that taking internal mental states such as thoughts, feelings, and emotions into consideration is useless in explaining behavior. It's important to note that classical conditioning involves placing a neutral signal before a naturally occurring reflex.
Classical Conditioning Melissa Hayes July 31, 2011 The theory of classical conditioning started with Ivan Pavlov a psychologist. Pavlov studied physiology after being a priest was something he did not like. Pavlov studied the digestive system using dogs. Pavlov led a study on the canine digestive stem by utilizing data from dog’s salivation; on these studies, he unintentionally learned that particular behaviors can be conditioned (Riskind, & Manos). Pavlov learned that some people’s reactions can come from experiences they have been threw.
Ivan Pavlov made the initial discoveries through his studies of the digestive system of dogs when he became intrigued by the hungry dogs' eventual learned response to Pavlov and his assistants. His investigations then focused on the dogs' associative learning from which he established his theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning has since found application in human behavior, both in creating specific behaviors, and in psychological treatments, extinguishing its maladaptive forms, or replacing that which is maladaptive with a more appropriate response. The Theory of Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is a type of associative learning first studied by Ivan Pavlov ("Index of learning theories and models," 2011). Classical conditioning takes place with the repeated pairing of a stimulus with another stimulus, to evoke the response to the first stimulus with only the presentation of the second stimulus (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009).
Pavlov discovered that his dogs would salivate prior to eating during a study of their digestive systems. Once he noticed the reaction of his dogs, he repeatedly exposed them to his attendant and the food to observe the phenomenon that took place. Classical conditioning is one of the most important theories of the behavioral movement. Classical conditioning is comprised of four different components. The first component is known as the unconditioned stimulus.
When psychology was first established as a science separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behavior began. Structuralism emerged as the first school of thought and some of the ideas associated with the structuralist school were advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. One of Wundt's students, an man named Edward B. Tichener, would later go on to formally establish and name structuralism, although he broke away from many of Wundt's ideas. Structuralists believed that the task of psychology is to identify the basic elements of consciousness in much the same way that physicists break down the basic particles of matter. For example, Titchener identified four elements in the sensation of taste: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
There are a lot of theories of learning a behavior in psychology. One of them is classical conditioning which means a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment and we involuntarily acted learned behavior. One of the most famous experiments was when Ivan Pavlov made experiments with dogs. He rings a bell and then feeding them. After a while, he could ring the bell and their mouths would drool, because he learned to relate the bell with the food.
The conditioned response, or the CR, is the response that occurs whenever the unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus (Spielman, 2014). The example of Ivan Pavlov’s study with dog’s can show how this occurs; when food is presented with a bell, the dogs will salivate. Eventually the dogs will salivate when they hear the bell alone. The bell is the neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus is the food, and the conditioned response is the salivating (Spielman, 2014). Extinction occurs when a decrease in the CR occurs because the unconditioned stimulus is not continually presented with the conditioned stimulus (Spielman, 2014).
Pavlov's early career focused on the study of heart circulation and digestion in animals (usually dogs), for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. However, by that time Pavlov had already turned his attention to experiments on conditioned reflexes, from which flowed a new psychological nomenclature. CONDITIONING The core of Pavlovian conditioning is the pairing (association) of stimuli to elicit responses. Food (meat powder) placed in a dog's mouth naturally produces salivation. Pavlov called the food an unconditioned stimulus (US) and salivation, elicited by the food, the unconditioned response (UR).
The owner also has a possibility of receiving a dog that has been pu through dog fighting. While the new owner doesn’t have to teach the older dog much if the previous owner taught the dog well, such as housebreaking and training stages, the owner still has a chance that the dog could have been beat and this will most likely mean the dog is aggressive that is really scared. While all dogs should have a home and be treated right there are many people out there that take their anger out on their dogs and fight their dogs for money. Other good reasons to buy an older dog is the fact the owner won’t have to spend as much money on shots and being sprayed or neutered. While buying a puppy, the owner will have to spend a great deal of money for worm shots neutering and other vet visits the puppy will need.