On one hand Plato believed in more of a nativist view, in which assumes that people are preprogrammed for certain behavior due to their lineage from the time they are born (Gerrig, R. J. and Zimbardo, P. G. 6). Conversely, Aristotle led a belief that people are free from any hereditary constraints and are free to interpret their experiences as they saw fit (Gerrig, R. J. and Zimbardo, P. G. 6). William Wundt is credited with founding the first formal laboratory and is considered a critical figure in the evolution of modern psychology (Gerrig, R. J. and Zimbardo, P. G. 6). From his psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, he taught many of the pioneers of modern psychology. Many of his graduates went on to define in depth versions which we now recognize as the many facets of psychology today.
The following essay will provide discussion on topic "What role does Freud have in modern psychology?” Although Freud’s theories have been widely criticized during his life and afterward, this essay will argue that his work is still playing important role in modern Psychology. Starting point for the discussion is to examine the definitions of relevant terms. Psychology, Themes and Variations defines psychology as the science that studies behavior and psychological and cognitive process that underline it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems (Weiten, W. 2004, p 18). Freud was born in 1856, the year Darwin published The Origin of the Species. He grew up in one of the most exciting times in human history, when the basis of modern science was being laid down by early psychophysicalists like Billroth, Helmholtz and Brucke (Sulloway, 1979).
Social psychology has in roots in the beginning of the 20th century in America. On the whole it was a positivist approach, using experimental methods to conduct its research – laboratory experiments which were thoroughly objective, it wanted to find the link of cause and effect in individual’s behaviour. It wanted to determine the laws of human nature and prove them using empirical techniques. After World War II the influx of research in social psychology increased, with the emergence of academics such as Asch and Milgram, who were interested the issues of conformity and obedience, partially
Both Erikson`s psychosocial and Tajfels ‘sit’ have some differences as well as similarities and have both equally influenced research on identities, However they have both traditions originating from before their times. D. Miell, e, al. (2007). Suggests that psychosocial theory was influenced by at least two traditions: Wiliam Jamese`s (1842-1910) introspections and Freud`s (1856-1939) psychoanalytic ideas. The `sit` theories go back to experimental work of Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) which opened the first psychological laboratory.
(p1 UNDERSTANDING COUNSELLING THEORY In this assignment I am going to show my knowledge and understanding of Person Centred Approach,(PCA) I will also be reflecting on two other therapeutic models of counselling, these will include, Transactional Analysis(TA) and Cognitive Behavioural Therapy(CBT). 1.1 Phenomenology is the study of subjective experience; it first came into its own in the early 20th century in the works of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, Husserl who had trained as a mathematician but was attracted to philosophy.They conducted philosophical investigations of the consciousness and identified a set of theoretical approaches that attempt to understand the ways in which people experience the world they create and inhabit. (A overview of PCA www.sagepub.com 2010 p9) Carl Rogers(1902-1987) was one of the most influential psychologists in American history and was influenced from Husserls work and in 1962, with the help of Abraham Maslow, went on to found the Association for Humanistic psychology. Rogers was the founder of what he originally called 'non-directive therapy(Rogers 42) which he later changed to 'client centred therapy', today it is commonly known as 'person centred approach'. The development of PCA stemmed from Rogers experience of being a client and his experience of working as a counsellor,which gave rise to the views he developed about Behaviourism and psychoanalytic approaches to counselling.
In contrast, sociology arose in the context of political, economic, and social philosophy and from intellectual giants such as Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber. However, perhaps paradoxically, one significant, if inadvertent, contributor to the discipline of sociology was Sigmund Freud, a pioneering psychologist with broad interests. His diverse writings, including Civilization and Its Discontents, offer insights into social life. This fact highlights the thin boundary between psychology and social psychology, a major area of modern sociology. In Assignment 2, “Culture,” you’ll explore the concept of culture—the set of norms (customs), beliefs, attitudes, values, and physical artifacts that give a social world its shape and character.
McDougall (1919) argued strongly for the separation of social psychology from sociology and anthropology, while also arguing that social processes should be studied experimentally. Arguably, however, social psychology was first established as a distinct discipline at the beginning of the 20th century with the publication of Floyd Allport’s (1924) book Social Psychology – an influential book that was subsequently adopted by teachers of psychology for many years. Inspired by the growth of experimental psychology in the USA, Allport argued that social psychology would develop as a discipline if it approached its questions as an experimental science. Others followed this perspective (e.g., Murphy and Murphy, 1931) and this North American approach to social psychology rapidly replaced the German tradition. Early work in social psychology was also strongly influenced by behaviourism.
Herbert Spencer was born on April 27 1820 and he was best known for developing and applying evolutionary theory to philosophy, psychology and the study of the society. He also helped in developing the functionalist perspective, one of the major theoretical frameworks in sociology and his political thoughts, primarily his defense of natural rights and for criticisms of utilitarian
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development Erik Erikson was born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany. Even though Erikson didn’t have even a bachelor’s degree, he served as a professor of prominent institutions such as Harvard and Yale. He was an influential and pioneering psychologist, psychoanalyst, and author. Erikson is also the most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. His son, Kai T. Erikson is a noted American sociologist.
Define cognition Psychology is generally defined as the scientific study of mental processes and behavior. Cognitive psychology could be defined by eliminating the last two words of that definition—the scientific study of mental processes. Behavior is examined by cognitive psychologists, but primarily as an avenue into the underlying mental processes, in the same way that physicists infer the force of gravity from the behavior of objects in the world. And the study of mental processes covers a lot of ground. These processes include attention, remembering, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions.