Integrity vs. Despair. These are the different stages in summary by (Kendra Cherry, About.com/Psychology) “Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust * The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and one year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.2 * Because an infant is utterly dependent, the development of trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers. * If a child successfully develops trust, he or she will feel safe and secure in the world. Caregivers who are inconsistent, emotionally unavailable, or rejecting contribute to feelings of mistrust in the children they care for.
Each stage is characterized by a psycho social crisis of these two conflicting forces. If an individual does indeed successfully reconcile these forces he or she emerges from the stage with the corresponding virtue. For example, if an infant enters into the toddler stage (autonomy vs. shame & doubt) with more trust than mistrust, he or she carries the virtue of hope into the remaining life stage. b. Behavioral Learning Theory- John Watson believed that behavior can be measure, trained, and changed. Behaviors can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states.
Erikson’s Stages of Development Summary: An eight stage theory of identity and psychosocial development Erik Erikson (1902 -1994), a German-born American psychoanalyst. Key Terms: Erikson’s stages, psychosocial, development Erikson’s Stages of Development Erik Erikson, a German psychoanalyst heavily influenced by Sigmund Freud, explored three aspects of identity: the ego identity (self), personal identity (the personal idiosyncrasies that distinguish a person from another, social/cultural identity (the collection of social roles a person might play). Erikson’s psychosocial theory of development considers the impact of external factors, parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. According to Erikson’s theory, every person must pass through a series of eight interrelated stages over the entire life cycle. 1.
To define psychosocial development we say that the approach that encompasses change in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society. (Feldman, 2011) The eight different stages include; Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt, Industry vs. Inferiority, Identity vs. Identity confusion, Intimacy vs. Isolation, Generativity vs. Stagnation, and finally Integrity vs.
As has Ainsworth’s ‘strange situation’ study (1979) that followed shortly after and provided empirical evidence for attachment theory and identified ‘styles of attachment behaviour’. I will then discuss whether attachment theory is deterministic. Finally I will look at if attachments are not formed this predestines mental health issues in adulthood by looking at some of the considerable evidence on attachment theory over recent decades. The epistemological roots of John Bowlby’s work came from various fields, including ‘psychoanalytic theories, post-Darwinian ethology, modern cognitive-developmental psychology, cybernetics (control systems theories), and community psychiatry (Chap 1, Cassidy, Cassidy and Shaver, 2008, Attachment in Adulthood:4). Through his work on attachment (1940-1990), he endeavoured to understand the formation and functioning of the personal relationships we create throughout the life course, with particular emphasis on those formed in childhood (Howe,1995:46).
This essay will now consider these features in more depth. Freud considered that there were three main stages of psychosexual development, the oral, anal and phallic stages, and that responses to these needs during these stages can affect the individual’s emotional development and may have an effect in adulthood on relationships, motives and behaviour. Erikson considered eight stages of psychosocial development which has similarities to Freud’s work, but places more importance of the relationship between parent and child, though later
CHILD ABUSE AND ITS EFFECTS ON DEVELOPMENT 2 Abstract This paper explores how child abuse from birth to adolescence can severely effect a child's development. Following Erik Erickson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development and examining the first five steps in detail, will help explain the possible negative outcomes of development. The references in this paper are both research based results as well as first person experiences. The Mayo Clinic staff (2009) stated that traumatic events in childhood increase the risk of borderline personality disorder and other mental health problems. Emotional trauma at a time when the brain isn't fully developed may cause changes to the brain and decrease a person's ability to deal with stressful situations later in their life.
Erikson’s Stages of Development Stage Ages Basic Conflict Summary Infancy 1 to 2 years Trust vs. Mistrust The child, well - handled, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, s/he becomes insecure and mistrustful. Early Childhood 2-3 years Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of autonomy. Failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. Preschool 3-5 years Initiative vs.
Erikson’s Stages of Development Stage|Ages|Basic Conflict|Summary| Infancy |1 to 2 years|Trust vs. Mistrust|The child, well - handled, nurtured, and loved, develops trust and security and a basic optimism. Badly handled, she/he becomes insecure and mistrustful. | Early Childhood |2 to 3 years|Autonomy vs. Same and Doubt|Children need to progress logic of personal control over bodily skills and a sense of independence. Achievement of this results in an emotion of autonomy; and a failure results in the feeling of shame and doubt.
Describe and Evaluate the Psychoanalytical / Psychodynamic Approach to Personality Development Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of Sigmund Freud (Gross 2010). Through his clinical work with patients suffering from mental illness, Freud came to believe that childhood experiences and unconscious desires influenced behaviour. Based on his observations, Freud developed a theory that described development in terms of a series of psychosexual stages. According to Freud (1949), conflicts that occur during each of these stages can have a lifelong influence on personality and therefore behaviour (Hayes 2000). Within this essay I am going to delve further into these principles and evaluate their validity and reliability as an approach to personality development.