The mere presence of the person who supplied the food or the footsteps of that person would stimulate the dogs and more stomach acid would be produced (Feldman, 2010). This increased stomach acid and salivation led Pavlov to the discovery of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is defined as a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). In layman terms this means that classical conditioning is associated learning or learning through experience. Pavlov’s work with dogs continued as he learned more about classical conditioning.
Then a scenario will be use to explain an example of classical conditioning. In the 20th century, Ivan Pavlov had unexpectedly come across the philosophy of classical conditioning, when he was researching his dogs’ digestion system. During his research he realized that the dogs tend to salivate to the sight of food, so then he paired the food with a bell to see if the
P1-Explain the principal psychological perspectives In this assignment I will be explaining the psychological perspectives and outline the main points and will talk about all the conditioning such as operant conditioning and classical conditioning. I will describe the learning theories used by the physiologists to outline the behaviouristic approach, psychodynamic approach, humanistic approach and biological approach. Behaviourist psychologist Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (operant conditioning) are the main two thinkers which are related to this type of perspective. We can understand the behaviour an individual has learnt by just looking at them. Human behaviour is the result of experience.
This essay will discuss what classical conditioning is and how it explains the development of phobias.. It will then attempt to describe how systematic desensitisation can be used as a method to overcome phobias. Classical conditioning involves learning the conditions which occur previous to the occurrence of particular events. Classical conditioning is learning by association. It was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov and is often called Pavlovian conditioning, (Martin, Carlson & Buskist, 2010).
Classical conditioning refers to the process of learning through association. This involves an animal or a human learning to associate something new with something that naturally causes a response eventually making the new thing cause the same response itself. A key example found within psychology for the process of classical conditioning would be that of Pavlov’s dog experiment. Pavlov was initially doing experiments on dogs and salivating and noticed that when the dogs heard his footsteps, they begin to salivate involuntarily. This is due to them learning to associate the sound of Pavlov’s footstep with food.
Skinner Article BEH/225 Christina LakeMan January 31, 2013 Skinner Article Skinner's contributions to psychology are vast, Skinner‘s theories explored ways that we learn and process stimuli in the environment. Through his research, Skinner discovered operant conditioning, which indicated that behavior, could be controlled by influence such as, punishments and rewards in the environment. His entire system revolved around operant conditioning, which has been defined as the modification of behavior by making the presence or absence of rewards or punishment contingent on behavior, also known as instrumental learning. “Operant conditioning has been widely applied in clinical settings (i.e.,
Phobias and Addiction Phobias and Addiction Darin K. Bailey Psych/300 June 18, 2012 Angelique Grady Phobias and Addiction The relationship between phobias and addiction and how they relate to classical and operant conditioning is comprised of many components. I will attempt in this paper to distinguish between classical and operant conditioning to better understand the concepts. The next item that will be covered is the development of phobias and how classical conditioning pushes this development and show an example. Also, I will show how addictions can be developed through operant conditioning giving an example of this concept as well. The definition of extinction and how it relates to both classical conditioning and operant conditioning will also be discussed.
Comparison of Model Comparison of Model Paper Melanie Smith PCN 501 Grand Canyon University Kenneth Hall June 17, 2013 This comparison model paper is designed to look at both a psychological and neurobiological approach to addictions. Each model is designed to look at how a person can become or recover from addiction, and what are the underlying factors that cause the addiction. Learning Model The learning model dates back to Pavlov and Skinner, with a take on classical conditioning, and operant conditioning. Research shows that that with the use of psychoactive drugs produces a variety of learned behaviors (O'Brien, Childress, & McLellean, Ehrman, 1992). Clinical studies have shown that in “cocaine addicts produced evidence
1009). This indicates the complexity in managing bipolar disorder. Studies also show that psychotherapy is necessary to supplement and optimize the effects of medication (Steinkuller and Rheineck 338). Cognitive behavioral therapy helps patients manage the disorder by replacing negative behaviors with positive ones. Education is important with this form of treatment so clients can recognize how different factors affect the course of the disease and what they can do to manage these factors (Steinkuller and Rheineck 342).
With hypnosis the images can be joined in a joined and presented like a film. This representation of imagination was helpful during the in-vivo rehearsal. 3- Effect of Psychotherapy in Phobic Patients and Their Follow-up Sharma, M G; Sharma, Vandana; Upadhyay, Awadhesh. SIS Journal of Projective Psychology & Mental Health; Chandigarh 20.1 (Jan 2013): 36-41. This study was undertaken to understand the effect of systematic desensitization and group therapy on various types of phobic patients like hydrophobia, zoophobia and astraphobia