Classical conditioning is a theory of learning founded by Ivan Pavlov, It is a way of learning through past association, he accidentally stumbled upon this theory as he was studying the digestive system of the dog and then applied it to human psychology. It involves an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. He tested his theory with a dog, food being the stimulant (UCS) and salivation being the response (UCR) and a bell as a neutral entity to which there was no response until combined with the food. The final test in the his theory is to reintroduce the the bell without food (UCS) and which this time causes the salivation (UCR). This reveals the dogs mind is remembering the past association with the bell and the food.
Classical Conditioning Janeen Tipton PSY/390 April 2, 2012 Dr. Steve Lazarre Classical Conditioning Throughout the years there have been many different forms of learning associated with different paradigms. Learning in this realm is reached dependant on the subject and the formula that is used to reach one’s objectivity. One way to address this is looking at association between two stimuli’s and this is what psychologist Ivan Pavlov came up with one form of learning; classical conditioning (Domjan, 2005). Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning is best described as a type of associative learning in conjunction with a specified stimulus (Malaka, 1999). The ideology behind this type of conditioning
It was around the turn of the century and Pavlov had been studying the process of digestion. He noticed that when a hungry dog got the smell or sight of food that it would began to salivate. He then changed his motive from digestion to how the dog anticipated the food before the food was presented, so he decided to make an experiment out of it. When he first began his experiments he got a tuning fork and meat powder to get the dog to salivate. First he would ring the tuning fork then directly after put the meat powder on the dog’s tongue.
The Behaviorists are a group of psychologists who focus on these stimulus-response connections, the two most famous being Watson and Skinner. Behaviorism arose because there was dissatisfaction with approaches in psychology that involved 'unscientific, techniques such as introspection and dealt with immeasurable aspects of behavior such as the role of the unconscious mind. Behaviorists try to explain the causes of behavior by studying only those behaviors that can be observed and measured. They leave focused their efforts on two types of learning processes known as classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical Conditioning( Classical conditioning is a form of learning that incorporates the body's natural physical response to stimuli.
It believes that learning occurs through interaction with the environment and that it is the environment that shapes behaviour instead of through thoughts, feelings and emotions. A well-known aspect of behavioural learning is Classical Conditioning. This theory was first discovered by Russian Physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Classical Conditioning is a learning process which occurs through associations between a stimulus and a response. In order to understand the theory, we must familiarise ourselves with the basic principles.
Pavlov used dogs to further prove his theory. He decided to use the tone of the bell (CS) and paired it with food (US) which caused the dogs to salivate (UR). After repeatedly pairing the bell with food, the bell alone caused the dogs to salivate (CR). The dogs orienting response – also referred to as the orienting reflex – to the tone of the bell is that they perk up their ears and turns its sensors to where the sound is coming from. After repeated presentation of the bell, the dogs then got used to the tone of the bell and ignores it because the stimulus is of no consequence, a process he refers to as habituation.
There will also be more organic or biological processes looked at such as cognitive processes. Behaviourism is a strands of theory generally derived by two people Pavlov and his earlier writings on conditioned reflexes and Skinner who’s work consisted of operant conditioning (Hogg, A. Vaughan, C:2005 p21). One of Pavlov’s most famous theories is the experiment dogs involving their saliva production around the time of feeding, this is conditioning at it’s most basic level, as it involves dogs not humans results can have their limitations. However, he found that the dogs started to produce saliva at feeding time, which he called an unconditioned response. But, he also noticed that when the person who usually fed them was present they started to produce saliva.
A subject can be taught to discriminate and only respond to a specific stimulus e.g. dog has been trained to run to his owner when he hears a whistle, after the dog has been conditioned he responds to a variety of sounds that are similar to the whistle. The trainer wants the dog to respond only to the sound of the whistle, the trainer teaches the dog to discriminate between different sounds and then it will respond only to the whistle and not to other tones. While studying digestive research using dogs, Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) Russian psychologist observed that the dogs salivated when food was produced and noted that this was an unconditioned response. But he then observed that the dogs also salivated in the absence of food and smell, he noted this was not due to an automatic physiological process, but it
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The theory of classical conditioning was introduced near the turn of the nineteenth century (1900) by Russian scientist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Pavlov’s experiment was originally intended to study the physiology of salivation, however it turned out that his experiments led him to the discovery of conditioned reflexes. Pavlov’s experiments involved measuring stomach secretions in dogs as they were introduced to food, meat, meat powder, etc. As Pavlov progressed through his experiments he noticed that the dogs had began to salivate upon seeing the food. Then Pavlov began to notice that the dogs began to salivate when he saw an empty plate, or when he saw the experimenter; the dogs even salivated at the sound of the foot steps from the experimenter as they were about to enter the room.