A plethora of different opinions on female orgasm had flourished prior to Lloyd, which essentially in time encouraged her to propose her perspective. She contended that the several theories proposed, actually lack sufficient evidence to validate any of the adaptive explanations for female orgasm. The motive behind her article was to provide a sufficient rebuttal to opinions such as Ridley’s that place an emphasis on the reproductive pressure behind female orgasm. Ridley and others believed that all sexual behaviour had evolved in response to reproductive pressures, however Lloyd believes that these assumptions are empirically incorrect. To begin with, the hormonal determination of sexual behaviour acknowledges that female
Bowlby proposed that an internal working model (IWM) developed in childhood will determine or affect later adult relationships and how successful they are. Ainsworth’s strange situation helped develop three main types of attachment: secure, resistant and avoidant. Secure children develop a positive model of themselves and relationships as their primary caregiver was sensitive, emotionally responsive and supportive. Resistant children have parents who were inconsistent in their care giving, resulting in the child having a negative image of themself - often seeking attention but not finding comfort when they receive it. Avoidant children often have rejecting parents, which leads to them developing an internal model which makes them think they are unacceptable and unworthy.
I will also briefly look at both theories in terms of power relations and structure / agency which can have a great influence on individual difference and personality traits. . To conclude, both theories take a different ontological and methodology approach towards individuals, which means that the aims of their research and the knowledge produced by can be quite different. The trait theory it was developed by Eysenck & Rachman, their theory is based in the experimental scientific and psychometric tradition, whereby assessments were used to access personality. This theory on personality was based upon biological explanations whereby he believed that individual’s personality traits were caused by a persons biological and genetic make-up (cited in Butt, 2012).
It will be seen that social control or the influence of systems within our society shape and mould how we are as people (Chriss, 2010). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) (as cited in Leckliter & Matarazzo, 1994) is a common book used for the classification of disorders, however when is a disorder a disorder? It will be seen that with the use of the DSM, that therapist’s intervene at different stages of many disorders. Overall, this essay will look at how society, the media and therapists influence and diagnose individuals, but are these diagnoses socially acceptable everywhere? There are many psychological theories and perspectives on how an individual should act, think, talk and overall act normal.
The psychodynamic perspective is based on the work of Sigmund Freud. He created both a theory to explain personality and mental disorders and the form of therapy known as psychoanalysis. The psychodynamic approach assumes that all behaviour and mental processes reflect constant and unconscious struggles within person. These usually involve conflicts between our need to satisfy basic biological instincts, for example, for food, sex or aggression, and the restrictions imposed by society. Not all those who take a Psychodynamic approach accept all of Freud's original ideas, but most would view normal or problematic behavior as the result of a failure to resolve conflicts adequately.
That there are hidden threats upon everyone to perform with the gender that were assigned to each individual. Butler illustrates the idea of theater acting to performative act. The difference between the two is that, actors know when they are acting versus, we, the people do not realize our gender performances. Gender is natural and naturalized and that any gender is an historical situation and a construction, not a natural fact. She is against the way of thinking that gender is a coming of an internal essence or predetermined structure.
To understand more clearly the differences between the humanistic/existential and dispositional theories, the writer will compare and contrast them. In addition, the role of personality in affecting situational behavior will be described and the personality characteristics attributed to each theory will be examined. Finally, an explanation will be provided focusing on the interpersonal relational aspects that are related to each of the theories. The Role of Personality in Affecting Situational Behavior One’s personality can influence different kinds of behaviors and clearly plays a certain role in situational behavior. It has been always assumed that there is only one of his or her kind and one will most likely act differently from another, even if the situation is very similar.
According to Burlingham and Freud this behavior proved that emotional contact was a powerful, natural drive and also that the “artificial families” institutionalized children formed could never satisfy that drive (Adoption, 2010). Their war work was summarized in Infants Without Families; the book supported evidently general literature on development, and adoption science. The book concluded that residential institutions were not sufficient care for children because they produced abnormal development in them, without the nurture of a mother the inability to attach held lifelong
This will include Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, biological factors that influence the formation of personality and how they prove Maslow’s theory of personality and the basic aspects of humanistic theory incompatible with biological explanations of personality. Influence Personality Formation Concerning the growth needs of personality formation, it can be a very sensitive subject because each person is unique and cannot be put in the same category. Personal growth is how the individual develops over time to survive in the real-world. Personality formation is the skills and techniques that develop over the entire length of youth and adulthood. Various factors can influence or will influence personality formation.
There are many different ideas in psychology about human nature, personality and pathology, which has resulted in there being a number of different approaches to counselling. The British Association for Counselling’s Code of Ethics and Practice for Counsellors states that ‘Counselling may be concerned with developmental issues, addressing and resolving specific problems, making decisions, coping with crisis, developing personal insight and knowledge, working through feelings of inner conflict or improving relationships with others’. Author. ‘BAC’, 1998, P.1) The three main theories to be considered are Psychodynamic, Humanistic and Cognitive Behavioural therapy. This essay will compare and contrast the three main core theories of counselling by considering the following: Concept of person, Origins of problems, Formulation of the problem, and Counselling techniques.